The Ultimate Hbs Essay Samples Trick

The Ultimate Hbs Essay Samples Trick Maybe EssaySnark is off on all this, perhaps a professor's time is more valuable and must be protected!! This is your opportunity to deliver a mini-TED talk. Within five decades, it failed. You should have your reasons, and our principal concern is that you wind up getting an excellent grade. There's, naturally, a limit on the variety of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. You may use the samples as a foundation for working out how to write in the proper style. Order your paper today and take a number of the stress from the educational practice. In most instances, content trumps style. When you are requested to compose an essay, attempt to discover some samples (models) of similar writing and learn how to observe the craft of the writer. The essays are unquestionably superb. In conclusion, it looks like assignment essays continue to get a prominent part in tertiary education as an assessment tool. This essay examines the explanations for why assignment essays are beneficial for student learning and considers a number of the difficulties with this technique of assessment. There are not any dates of publication in each of the references. A self introduction essay outline can be effortless to write since all you need to do. There's an indented long quote within this paragraph. They'll take plenty of pressure off of you because, although we picked a number of the best examples to steer you through the procedure of doing your own essays, they are rather imperfect. It's an exercise for those firms to check your analytical thinking and to examine how well it's possible to handle problem-solving questions. It seems to be a symptom though. Potential implementation problems with approach It could possibly be hard to locate and reach these consumers. It can be challenging for students to identify all the variables and players in an intricate system, and thus they are easily able to miss the mark on just what the root, or main problem actually is. Hbs Essay Samples Options I was in the rear of the vehicle with the boy and his mother. In spite of anot her Italian company, Fiat can be exceedingly different. Sees cars as a required evil. Would never get a sports car. These are human beings that are attempting to get to know you and really wish to wind up liking you! I really like routines, but in addition spontaneity. It's the same kind of behavior. Some betray real nature and passion. This terse-email-reply issue isn't important. With this essay, you essentially wish to forge a meaningful connection with a comprehensive stranger, and should you attempt to present yourself as something or somebody you aren't, you will fail. You may rather not write about things which are very personal in nature and you certainly wish to avoid coming across as over-confident or pretentious. So be sure you are relaxed and have fun. How to Choose Hbs Essay Samples Possessing a well built, functional website delivers a convenience factor that's priceless. A community website gives information and details to residents and board members with a couple easy clicks 24 hours each day 7 days each week. All the reference items begin with the title of the information supply. You are an incredibly important person!! Board members are going to have place to create announcements and bring up community troubles. The admissions committee isn't staffed by robots, trying to detect a particu lar kind of applicant. Detailed instructions will be offered to those applicants that are invited to the interview approach. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. Choosing Good Hbs Essay Samples I believe the most essential portion of the essay writing process is to make sure your story and personality come through and this might be the toughest part! As a writer you merely will need to speak about yourself and nothing more to a particular audience. In case the author is an individual, then their very first name is used first. Here's where it started we're recreating the exchange within this post because a number of the tweets are deleted.

Essay on The Internent Grows More Dangerous - 1048 Words

As the internet grows vastly the more dangerous it becomes to its users. With the new advances in technology cyberspace fraud has been increasing. These new advances have made the internet vulnerable to various kinds of e-commerce fraud. New techniques to detect and prevent cyber fraud have been developed to discover and prevent criminals before the fact, rather than after the damage have been done. Individuals and businesses should recognize each new cyber attack and make themselves aware of the consequences each attack can create. This paper will discuss the new cyber attacks that are increasing and how individuals and businesses are affected. Internet Grows More Dangerous Cyberspace fraud has been increasing vastly with new†¦show more content†¦The article then goes on to discuss how dependent society is on cyberspace and how they have become more susceptible to cyberspace threats. It also talks about how dependent society is of the internet, â€Å"online banking travel , entertainment, and stock brokerage services† (25). With this increased activity makes the internet an enticing target with more opportunities and weaknesses for cyber crime. Criminals are learning new methods to perform cyber crimes more efficiently and effectively. However, these crimes are not just affecting individuals, businesses also fallen victim to these crimes every day. Some of the largest and most profitable cyber crimes of 2010 were reported by the Internet Crime Complaint Center were:, auction frauds, counterfeit cashier’s checks, credit card fraud, debt elimination schemes, parcel courier e-mail schemes, employment and business opportunity frauds, escrow services frauds, identity theft, internet extortion, investment frauds, lotteries, hoaxes like the well-known â€Å"Nigerian letter scheme, phishing, and third-party receiver of frauds schemes. The outcome of the highest-profile frauds included company employees who unintentionally gave access to crimi nals; particularly those â€Å"seeking to steal confidential customer information† (26). This type of crime is called a lax password policy. An example of this type of

De-Scalers free essay sample

When water is heated limescale deposits can form, especially in machines such as fully automatic coffee makers, espresso machines and all hot water units. In this context you often hear about hard and soft water. The hardness of the water indicates the proportion of limescale. Your water supply company will provide more information about hardness of your water. If your groundwater flows through calcareous rock layers, eroded magnesium and calcium carbonate will cause limescale deposits in your water. Why do I need to remove limescale? In addition to loss of coffee flavor limescale deposits can severely damage your machine and shorten its lifespan significantly. Limescale deposits in your machine lead to: Longer scalding time with higher electricity charges Lower water temperatures causing inferior coffee flavor Blocked machines pipe Corrosion of metal parts and sealing gaskets Expensive repairs Only regular and timely descaling with a high-quality descaler, such as ceragol ultra Premium Descaler, ensures a long lifespan and optimal coffee flavor. We will write a custom essay sample on De-Scalers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Your coffee maker is a high-tech machine which needs regular, gentle care. What do you expect from your descaler? Limescale deposits are removed by acids in the descaler. Only the right mixture of effective acids and gentle additives for the metal parts and sealing gaskets allows for optimal results during descaling. The quick reaction time and immediate reusability of the machine after rinsing are basic demands on a premium descaler. Why amidosulfonic acid? Descaling with citric or acetic acids The big problem when descaling with citric or acetic acids are the released flavor additives which cause an obtrusive smell during descaling. The plastic parts of your fully automated coffee maker tend to taken on these smells and influence the smell and taste of your coffee negatively. Plastic parts and sealing gaskets of your unit can be attacked by the vinegar or acetic acid. Citric acid tends to flake during descaling. This can block the valves and water pipes and lead to high repair charges. An additional problem is that the limescale is actually sealed in by an indissoluble layer which occurs repeatedly when using descalers based on citric acids. Descaling with vinegar, acetic acid or citric acid takes significantly longer than descaling with ceragol ultra Premium Descaler. Descaling with amidosulfonic acid Descaling with amidosulfonic acid, the active ingredient of our ceragol ultra Premium Descaler, does not require any reaction time. During the descaling program the limescale is dissolved and flushed away. This process is completely odorless and neutral in taste. After thorough rinsing your machine is once again food-safe. The additives in ceragol ultra Premium Descaler guard and protect the metal and plastic components of your fully automatic coffee maker. The right time to descale Automatic coffee machine w. auto descaling indicator Please ask your water supply company about the hardness of your water and set the water hardness according to the operating instructions of your manufacturer. Your machine will indicate when descaling is needed. Automatic coffee machine w/o descaling indicator Descaling becomes necessary as soon as you notice a delay in operation or irregularities during coffee preparation. Another telltale sign is the reduction of the amount of foam produced on the coffee. The machine must be descaled periodically and in due time.

Tv And Children Essay Example For Students

Tv And Children Essay Television Violence and ChildrenThanks to the miracle of television the average American child watches 8,000 murders and 100,000 acts of violence before finishing elementary school (Early Concerns 113). Television violence is responsible for the increase in childhood violence. Watching violence is a popular form of entertainment, and watching it on television is the number one way that children are exposed to violence. Local news shows provide extensive converage of violent crimes in order to increase their ratings (Felson 96). Violence usually refers to physical aggression and aggression is usually defined as any behavior involving intent to harm another person (Sege 34). Television is a central feature of contemporary American life. American children spend more time watching television than they do in school. In 1989, the average child in the United States spent more time watching television than performing any other activity, except sleeping. In 1989 The Nielson Report on Television commented that children age 2 to 5 viewed approximately 27 hours of television per week. Children 6 to 11 years of age viewed more than 23 hours of television per week, and adolescents between 12 to 17 years of age viewed 22 hours of television per week (Sege 32). During the past several decades, violent programs have been steadily increasing in numbers on television screens. Many believe that there could be the possibility that a direct relationship exists between the violence witnessed on television and the increasingly violent behavior of children and adolescents (Palermo 23). Coming at a time when the homicide rate is rising six times faster than the population it is theorized that television violence does cause actual violence (Early Concerns 114). We will write a custom essay on Tv And Children specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The year 1992 set an all-time record for violence in children’s shows, with an average of 32 violent acts per hour. The nightly dose of splattering blood, rapes, car wrecks and screaming victims on television has tripled in the last decade (Johnson 18). Only on television is there violence without pain. Sometimes, television violence is even supposed to be funny, but grownups know, or are supposed to know, that real violence causes lots of pain and sadness. A young gunshot victim is brought into an emergency room and he astonished his Doctors. He expressed surprise that his wound actually hurt. His Doctors first thought, â€Å"Boy! This boy is really stupid.† But it dawned on the Doctors that what the sees on television is that when the superhero gets shot in the arm, he uses that arm to hold onto a truck going 85 miles an hour around a corner. He overcomes the driver and shoots a couple of hundred people while he is at it. (Early Concerns 112)Another example of violenc e in children’s television is seen in the cartoon Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. This cartoon causes confusion between fantasy and reality. Several children really do think it is okay to use physical violence with other children because the Turtles do and the Turtles are the good guys (Early Concerns 115). Children’s cartoons are among the most violent shows on television, often exceeding 24 acts of violence per hour and earning high violence ratings from The National Coalition on Television Violence. Researchers say children’s aggressiveness increases measurably afterviewing the cartoon violence of Bugs Bunny, Tom and Jerry and Woody Woodpecker, which are rated as very high violence with 55 or more acts of violence per episode. (Early Concerns 113). Just as children learn things from their older brothers and sisters, they also learn from their television heroes- even bad things. Some children who watch lots of violence on television learn to fight more and other s learn to become victims. Many children learn that violence is fun to watch, even in real life. These kids encourage their friends to fight. When television characters use violence to solve their problems, then some children believe that it is okay then to use violence to solve problems that they might be having. As parents we want our children to solve their problems without fighting (Sege 33-35). .u2f960712081d9176f9dbfb455c030f8c , .u2f960712081d9176f9dbfb455c030f8c .postImageUrl , .u2f960712081d9176f9dbfb455c030f8c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2f960712081d9176f9dbfb455c030f8c , .u2f960712081d9176f9dbfb455c030f8c:hover , .u2f960712081d9176f9dbfb455c030f8c:visited , .u2f960712081d9176f9dbfb455c030f8c:active { border:0!important; } .u2f960712081d9176f9dbfb455c030f8c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2f960712081d9176f9dbfb455c030f8c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2f960712081d9176f9dbfb455c030f8c:active , .u2f960712081d9176f9dbfb455c030f8c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2f960712081d9176f9dbfb455c030f8c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2f960712081d9176f9dbfb455c030f8c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2f960712081d9176f9dbfb455c030f8c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2f960712081d9176f9dbfb455c030f8c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2f960712081d9176f9dbfb455c030f8c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2f960712081d9176f9dbfb455c030f8c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2f960712081d9176f9dbfb455c030f8c .u2f960712081d9176f9dbfb455c030f8c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2f960712081d9176f9dbfb455c030f8c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Arts of the contact zone EssayViolence is a diverse problem and it is necessary to address it as such. There is no doubt that excessive and extended exposure to television violence may promote violence in some children. Television promotes violence because it hits children in a suggestible period of their life, when they lack the capacity to reflect and discriminate and to integrate what they see in the proper perspective and with objectivity (Felson 96). Professionals and parents must be aware of all sources of impute for their children. Not only peers, textbooks, teachers, and relatives, but also from the subtle â€Å"stranger† in the living room, the television. Television â€Å"talks† to our children daily with complex messages of fear and violence and only occasionally with messages of sharing, friendship, and concern for others (Johnson 18). Parents need to limit the amount and type of television that their children are watching. If children are allowed to watch violence on television, then most children will believe that violence out on the playground is acceptable behavior. Most children who spend a considerable amount of their time viewing television are irresponsible, need constant supervision, and lack social skills. These children replace their daily activities with other children with viewing television. Television usually reduces their attention span, portrays a reality far from real life, and corrupts their young minds (Johnson 18). Young people must learn at home and in school that violence is not a means of settling differences with others, as they have come to believe from watching television (Palermo 23). We, as parents, must discourage violence on television for our children’s safety and anyone who cares about children, and has access to them, needs to urge the children to stay away from the tube to keep societies youngest safe. There are some people who would argue that there are many non-violent television shows for children. Although this is true, the shows that they are speaking of are those such as Barney, Sesame Street, and Bear in the Big Blue House. These types of children’s shows are mainly for very young children. Older children quickly lose interest in these shows, and the more violent cartoons and action films capture their interest. The overall number of violent films far exceeds the number of nonviolent shows and it is very obvious that children will want to watch the more exciti ng, violent shows. Putting a child in front of a television is an easy way to keep them busy. However, it is also an easy way to lose control of a youngster if the content of what they are watching is not carefully monitored. Children learn many things by mimicking. A child who sees somebody enjoying an act of violence is more apt to try to re-create that act. Social Issues

Invisible man essays

Invisible man essays "Who the hell am I" (Ellison 386)? This question puzzled the invisible man, the unidentified, anonymous narrator of Ralph Ellison's acclaimed novel, Invisible Man. Throughout the story, the narrator embarks on a mental and physical journey to seek what the narrator believes is "true identity," a belief quite mistaken, for he, although unaware of it, had already been inhabited by true identities all along. Ellison, in Invisible Man, uses the main characters invisibility and conflict with the outside world to illustrate the confusion of identity that many people experience. The narrator's life is filled with constant eruptions of mental traumas. The biggest psychological burden he has is his identity, or rather his misidentity. He feels a "wearing on the nerves" (Ellison 3) for people to see him as what they like to believe he is and not see him as what he really is. Throughout his life, he takes on several different identities and none, he thinks, adequately represents his true self, until his final one, as an invisible man. The narrator thinks the many identities he possesses do not reflect him, but he fails to recognize that identity is simply a mirror that reflects the surroundings and the person who looks into it. It is only in this reflection of the immediate surrounding that the viewers can relate to the narrator's identity. The viewers see only the part of the narrator that is apparently connected to the viewer's own world. The part obscured is unknown and, therefore, insignificant. Lucius Brockway, an old operator of the paint factory, saw the narrator only as an existence threatening his job, despite that the narrator is sent there to merely assist him. Brockway repeatedly questions the narrator of his purpose there and his mechanical credentials but never even bother to inquire his name. Because to the old fellow, who the narrator is as a person is uninterested. What he is as an object and what that object's relationship is to...

Modal Verb Basics - Explanation

Modal Verb Basics - Explanation Modal verbs can be confusing for many students. This quick guide and follow-up quizzes will help you understand the basics of modal verbs. After studying the following chart, try the challenging modal verb quizzes listed at the bottom of this page. Ability Can do something /  Able to do something   Someone has an ability to do something. Peter can speak French.Anna is able to play the violin.. Possibility    Could do something/  Might do something /  May do something /  Can do something Its possible for someone to do something. Peter could help you this afternoon.Alice might have gone to the bank.They may know the answers.  She can come to the party next week.   Obligation Have to do something Its a daily requirement of a job or some other common task. Peter has to help customers at the store.They have to get up early on Saturdays. Need to do something Its important to do something. I need to get some milk and eggs for dinner.She needs to do her homework tonight. Must do something Its personally important for someone to do something. I must leave soon because the train leaves in one hour.I must study if I want to get an A. Prohibition Mustnt do something Its forbidden for someone to do something. Children mustnt go into this room.Motorcycles mustnt be ridden on this road.   Non-necessity   Dont have to do something /  Dont need to do something It isnt necessary for someone to do something, but it is also possible. You dont have to take this class, but its interesting.You dont need to get up early on Saturday.She doesnt have to work on Sundays, but she does sometimes.Mary doesnt need worry about the wash. Ill take care of it.   Advisability   Should do something /  Ought to do something /  Had better do something Its a good idea for someone to do something. Its someones suggestion to someone. You ought to see a doctor.Jennifer should study harder.Peter had better hurry up. Shouldnt do something It isnt a good idea for someone to do something. You shouldnt work so hard.They shouldnt ask questions during the presentation.   Certainty Modal verbs can also be used to show how probable something is. These are known as modal verbs of probability and follow similar patterns in the present and the past.   must be   The speaker is 90% sure the sentence is true.   She must be happy today. Shes got a huge smile on her face.Tom must be in a meeting. Hes not answering his phone.   could be / might be / may be The speaker is 50% sure the sentence is true.   The could be at the party.She might be happy if you give her the present.They may be angry with their parents. cant be / mustnt be / couldnt be The speaker is 90% sure that something is not true. You cant be serious.They mustnt be the ones we ordered.She couldnt be at the party.   might not be / may not be The speaker is 50% sure that something is not true. The might not be in agreement on this contract.Tom may not be at school.   Now, try the quizzes: Modal Verb Review Quiz 1

Theory and Empirics in Qualitative Geographic Research Essay

Theory and Empirics in Qualitative Geographic Research - Essay Example He presents his data through anecdotes --- presenting the details of the scenario and then analyzing it afterward. This is quite effective especially in linking the relationship of the data he has gathered through observations. The only downside is that the style appears to be redundant after a couple of scenarios. His main stance is that in analyzing police work and behavior, one must pay attention not only to its cultural and social frameworks, but also in its inflexible nature in order to fully support and defend the generally accepted concept of public order (Herbert 20-1). On a personal viewpoint, his argument benefits well from the qualitative nature of the research. The variables present in such research is not only quantified by numbers, but also qualified by reasons. Through this, the author is able to dig deeper into the â€Å"whys,† thus enabling him to formulate conclusions that will aid towards more insightful views into the reasons for certain police

Using a practical study working with a variety of narratives, Essay

Using a practical study working with a variety of narratives, demonstrate how storytelling research can inform your understanding of managerial sense making and responsible management - Essay Example esorted to organisational storytelling as a tool to build and maintain corporate image and reputation, as a tool for change management and for communication with stakeholders. Storytelling organisations are defined by Boje as â€Å"collective storytelling systems in which storytelling expressive performance is key part of members’ past-present-future sensemaking† (2012, 254). In a sense, everyone is engaged in storytelling in one way or another. Stories may be real or fictitious and often have a plot, beginning, middle, ending and a moral lesson. Stories may be narrated by the person experiencing or witnessing an event or another person on his/her behalf hence it has narrators and audiences. In the case of the organisation, the story is about the organisation and its activities. Storytelling in organisations can be traced back to Aristotle poetics but in this case, the focus will be on David Boje’s quantum physics of storytelling and John Kotter’s change m odel. This essay will demonstrate how storytelling research can inform understanding of managerial sensemaking and responsible management using a practical study. The essay will be divided into three sections. The first section will discuss the theoretical concepts. This will entail discussing organisation storytelling and Boje’s main concepts (narrative, living stories, antenarratives).This will be followed by an explanation of what quantum physics of storytelling means for change management and finally, an explanation of Kotter’s 8-stage model of change to show how storytelling can help in managing change successfully. The second section will cover indepth analysis of theoretical concepts using a practical study with variety of narratives. Lastly, a brief summary will be given. Storytelling research shows that storytelling is increasingly becoming important in organisations. Postmodern organisations are experiencing interpenetration of post-industrialism with postmodern culture leading to a

People today freely use The Internet Essay Example for Free

People today freely use The Internet Essay People today freely use The Internet, E-mail, and Online Messaging to communicate with other people. It’s a great way to talk to loved ones who live far away, conduct business, and just have fun with friends, but there is a downside. People who we don’t know can obtain information about us by tracking e-mails and messages and unless these things are encrypted, everything we write can be pulled up and used against us. That is why people who use the Internet need to be much more aware of their online privacy and security. The Internet started in 1969 by the U. S. overnment. They wanted a communication system that couldn’t be destroyed in the event of an emergency. It consisted of four computers linked together called DARPANET. In the 1970’s people found that they could use this system to send messages between the computers to get to other people. More and more people started using this system and by the end of the 70’s, it was international. The earliest found company to use instant messaging was Mirabilis in November of 1996. Instant messaging is like a telephone conversation done between two people on the computer in real time. Popular companies that have instant messaging are AOL, Yahoo, and NET Messenger Service. E-mail or Electronic Mail is a way of composing, sending, and receiving messages over the computer. E-mail started in 1965, which means it actually began before the Internet and in fact helped start the Internet. First e-mail was used for multiple users to communicate through a mainframe computer. Now even though the government does not have control over the Internet in present day, they can still monitor what individuals are writing especially after September 11th. â€Å"The Sept. 1 terrorists relied heavily on the Internet, and the hijackers appear to have plotted their carnage using Yahoo e-mail. † The FBI believes they can now catch suspected terrorists by looking at suspicious email, but what constitutes suspicious? They have developed a program called Carnivore that looks through e-mail to find suspicious information. But, critics of this are not so sure of it’s benefits becau se it can be used to look for keywords such as â€Å"hijack† in mass amounts of e-mails, and whenever it finds an e-mail or message that has that word the FBI is entitled to read that message. If someone is just asking another person through e-mail about the current terrorist situation will that set off an alarm with the FBI and now that person’s e-mails will be tracked? Very possibly. The PATRIOT (Provide Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism) Act provides investigators with more flexibility to pursue interception of e-mail messages, and monitoring of Web surfing and other PC-based communications. But does the general public believe that that government should have the right to look into private e-mails if they could catch a terrorist by doing it? According to a survey of PCWorld. m, â€Å"a total of 60 percent said they had serious concerns about giving the government more access to personal e-mail while 38 percent said they had little or no concern. † While the government and FBI feel that this is a completely legitimate way to weed out the terrorists in America, many others find it a complete invasion of privacy. This isn’t only a government vs. he people issue. As of 2004, â€Å"1 in 5 companies has had employees electronic messages subpoenaed in the course of a lawsuit or regulatory investigation† and â€Å"another 13 percent of 840 companies surveyed this year have battled workplace lawsuits triggered by employee e-mail. This means that private emails being sent while at work can be retrieved and used against a person in a court of law. The right to privacy is completely being revoked in these situations. That is why Americans need to be more aware of how to protect their privacy and there are ways to do this. First is by looking at the actual disclaimers that most people just sign without actually reading. American Online or AOL and Yahoo are two major providers of both e-mail and instant messaging. Looking into what their privacy policies are, you find this. Your AIM information consists of personally identifiable information collected or received about you when you register. Your AIM information may be shared within AOL and its business divisions. Your AIM information, including the contents of your online communications, may be accessed and disclosed in response to legal process (for example, a court order, search warrant or subpoena), or in other circumstances in which AOL has a good faith belief that AIM or AOL are being used for unlawful purposes. AOL may also access or disclose your AIM information when necessary to protect the rights or property of AIM or AOL, or in special cases such as a threat to your safety or that of others. (http://www. aol. com/info/p_privacy. adp. ) Yahoo’s disclaimer is similar saying that â€Å"Yahoo! collects personally identifiable information when you register for a Yahoo! account,† and â€Å"we reasonably believe it is necessary to share information in order to investigate, prevent, or take action regarding illegal activities. Basically both are stating that, for the most part, our privacies are protected unless there is a need to look at the e-mails or messages being sent. That is a big but though. People should read that and decipher that the government or business we work at could basically make up a story as to why they need to read an email and both of these e-mail companies would have to comply. That really isn’t protecting us. At least we should know ahead of time though that these are the company policies so it shouldn’t come as a surprise if our privacy was breached. This brings us to the concept of encryption. â€Å"Chances are that nobody is watching the data you send out, but unless the information is over a secure (encrypted) connection, you cant be reasonably sure that its safe. † The definition of encryption is â€Å"the process of encoding information in such a way that only the person (or computer) with the key can decode it. † There are different encryption systems, but essentially two computers have secret codes that hold the key to decoding the messages sent between them. So if a message is encrypted, only your friend’s computer will be able to read what you sent to them. Does this type of security interest the common person? It definitely should and is quite easy to obtain. There are messenger services that provide e-mail and instant messaging. One is called Hushmail, which includes encryption enhancements. All you have to do is sign up for it just like you would Yahoo! or AOL and the only downside is that storage space is limited. But the option is out there for people to choose safety over unnecessary storage. Yahoo! nd AOL are the trusted and most used e-mail and instant message companies so most people just subscribe to these two, but really need to research what else is out there in regards to encrypted messaging companies like Hushmail. Customers of AOL though can upgrade to AIM 5. 2, which uses encrypted messages. Yahoo! on the other hand only has a form of encryption. The â€Å"system sends the message unprotected to Yahoos server. The recipient is given a URL to view the document on an SSL-protected web page. † Consumers feel this is a weak link because the message is still being sent without it being secure, but it is a step forward. There are other simple general steps that a consumer should do or at least think about before signing onto an e-mailing system. One is to always know the software that you are downloading onto your computer. Many programs appear to be legitimate, but they really just want to get your information and use it for bad reasons that veer into your personal privacy. Also, if a person shares a computer with many people, like a college library system, that person needs to make sure they clear their passwords and personal information before leaving their seat. And basically people just need to be more suspicious. Even though that’s a bad outlook, if you’re messages are not encrypted, then you need to be more aware of what you’re writing. If you think it could be construed in a negative way, then you shouldn’t send it over an unprotected system that could one-day work against you. In conclusion, â€Å"although companies and other entities operating in the online or electronic commerce environment have a responsibility to ensure the privacy of personally identifiable information online, the Online Privacy Alliance believes that consumers also have a role to play. Consumers should look for privacy policies on the web sites they visit as well as be aware of the various self-enforcement mechanisms currently available. †After the tragedy of September 11th, the government does need to do certain things in order to further protect our country against another attack, but this shouldn’t mean attacking American’s privacy and security. Americans shouldn’t have to live in constant fear of Big Brother looking into our personal letters and messages to loved ones and friends, and also shouldn’t be afraid that some things being said are going to be taken the wrong way. That is the opposite of making us feel more secure and safe because that basically means we’re being attacked from within our own government. Saying that, there are many things that we, as consumers, are responsible for knowing what is out there to give us more security. There is encryption and the big companies out there that provide e-mail and instant messaging are getting on board and providing encrypted programs for us to use. We should also be responsible enough to actually read all disclaimers that we usually don’t bother to read so that we are not shocked when we learn that the government just looked at our private message to someone. It’s hard as one person to fight something like Carnivore, but we can do simple things like read disclaimers, be smart about what e-mail programs we subscribe to and be safe and responsible when we are on the Internet.

Lives on the Boundary by Mike Rose Essay -- Education Boundary Mike Ro

Lives on the Boundary by Mike Rose The book Lives on the Boundary, written by Mike Rose, provides great insight to what the new teaching professional may anticipate in the classroom. This book may be used to inform a teacher’s philosophy and may render the teacher more effective. Lives on the Boundary is a first person account composed of eight chapters each of which treat a different obstacle faced by Mike Rose in his years as a student and as an educator. More specifically in chapters one through five Mike Rose focuses on his own personal struggles and achievements as a student. Ultimately the aim is to highlight the underpreparedness of some of today’s learners. First and most importantly Mike Rose writes the book in the first person. This provides an invaluable view to the actual thoughts and perceptions of a student who considered himself to be underprepared. Mike Rose begins his accounts in grammar school when he felt lost in the material. The teacher did not hold his attention and therefore he began to â€Å"daydream to avoid inadequacy† (Rose 19). Mike Rose does not describe himself as a nuisance, but as a student who was overlooked. This treatment was very a detriment to his education. â€Å"I would hide by slumping down in my seat and page through my reader, carried along by the flow of sentences in a story.† (Rose 19) He discusses the teachers’ inability to â€Å"engage the imaginations of us kids who were scuttling along at the bottom of the pond.† (Rose 26) This strategy combined poorly with the attitudes of other students who did not want to work hard, who just wanted to be average. (Rose 28) Mike Rose describes that mix of students and how it affected his own perception of education: â€Å"School can be a tremendously disorienting place†¦ You’ll also be thrown in with all kind of kids from all kind of backgrounds, and that can be unsettling†¦ You’ll see a handful of students far excel you in courses that sound exotic and that are only in the curriculum of the elite: French, physics, trigonometry. And all this is happening while you’re trying to shape an identity; your body is changing, and your emotions are running wild.† (Rose 28)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Without reading Mike Rose’s detailed descriptions of his experiences as a learner a perspective teacher may never suspect that the quiet student in the class is daydreaming to avoid the material that he/she does n... ...ild, when he would hide and daydream, up until his first years of college, when he would avoid areas that were difficult, the author recognized that there was important link between challenging the student on a meaningful level and the degree to which the student eventually produced. â€Å"I felt stupid telling them I was†¦ well – stupid.† (Rose 43) Here, Rose shows an example of how poor preparation and low standards in the classroom can make a student feel inadequate. Indeed, one can see how many things seemingly unrelated do affect a student’s ability to learn. Reading Mike Rose’s book Lives on the Boundary one can benefit from his efforts as a student and educator. It is a tool that can be used to motivate teachers to produce interesting lesson plans and to be aware of their students in all aspects. The book provides concrete examples of good and bad teaching all related through the author’s personal history. Finally, the book-as an account of one man’s personal struggle – reflects on the inner psyche of the marginal student and prompts the reader to be more attentive to each and every learner. Work Cited Rose, Mike. Lives on The Boundary. New York, NY: Penquin Books. 1989 Lives on the Boundary by Mike Rose Essay -- Education Boundary Mike Ro Lives on the Boundary by Mike Rose The book Lives on the Boundary, written by Mike Rose, provides great insight to what the new teaching professional may anticipate in the classroom. This book may be used to inform a teacher’s philosophy and may render the teacher more effective. Lives on the Boundary is a first person account composed of eight chapters each of which treat a different obstacle faced by Mike Rose in his years as a student and as an educator. More specifically in chapters one through five Mike Rose focuses on his own personal struggles and achievements as a student. Ultimately the aim is to highlight the underpreparedness of some of today’s learners. First and most importantly Mike Rose writes the book in the first person. This provides an invaluable view to the actual thoughts and perceptions of a student who considered himself to be underprepared. Mike Rose begins his accounts in grammar school when he felt lost in the material. The teacher did not hold his attention and therefore he began to â€Å"daydream to avoid inadequacy† (Rose 19). Mike Rose does not describe himself as a nuisance, but as a student who was overlooked. This treatment was very a detriment to his education. â€Å"I would hide by slumping down in my seat and page through my reader, carried along by the flow of sentences in a story.† (Rose 19) He discusses the teachers’ inability to â€Å"engage the imaginations of us kids who were scuttling along at the bottom of the pond.† (Rose 26) This strategy combined poorly with the attitudes of other students who did not want to work hard, who just wanted to be average. (Rose 28) Mike Rose describes that mix of students and how it affected his own perception of education: â€Å"School can be a tremendously disorienting place†¦ You’ll also be thrown in with all kind of kids from all kind of backgrounds, and that can be unsettling†¦ You’ll see a handful of students far excel you in courses that sound exotic and that are only in the curriculum of the elite: French, physics, trigonometry. And all this is happening while you’re trying to shape an identity; your body is changing, and your emotions are running wild.† (Rose 28)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Without reading Mike Rose’s detailed descriptions of his experiences as a learner a perspective teacher may never suspect that the quiet student in the class is daydreaming to avoid the material that he/she does n... ...ild, when he would hide and daydream, up until his first years of college, when he would avoid areas that were difficult, the author recognized that there was important link between challenging the student on a meaningful level and the degree to which the student eventually produced. â€Å"I felt stupid telling them I was†¦ well – stupid.† (Rose 43) Here, Rose shows an example of how poor preparation and low standards in the classroom can make a student feel inadequate. Indeed, one can see how many things seemingly unrelated do affect a student’s ability to learn. Reading Mike Rose’s book Lives on the Boundary one can benefit from his efforts as a student and educator. It is a tool that can be used to motivate teachers to produce interesting lesson plans and to be aware of their students in all aspects. The book provides concrete examples of good and bad teaching all related through the author’s personal history. Finally, the book-as an account of one man’s personal struggle – reflects on the inner psyche of the marginal student and prompts the reader to be more attentive to each and every learner. Work Cited Rose, Mike. Lives on The Boundary. New York, NY: Penquin Books. 1989

Educational Systems Essay

Educational Laws| Twelve years of primary and secondary education prior to attending university.| * All children in the UK of compulsory school age must receive a full time education. * Classes from September to July * Long vacation from 1 July to 30 September * Languages of instruction.| * Academic year runs from March to December. * Primary: 4 or 6 hours * Holydays: two weeks in July| Organization of education at all levels| * Pre- primary education: from 3 to 6. Kinder garden – Child care center – Nursery level * Primary school (elementary) from 6 years old to 13/14. Private or state schools, * Secondary school (highschool): from 13/14 to 16/18Highschool diploma (basic or honour)GED (gral. educ. diploma) test for immigrants or international students to certificate de level.IB examination in different subjects.AP course in order to enter university. * Higher education/university education Undergraduate 1- Associate degree (AS/AA): 2 years. â€Å"General†. Semi- skilled job. Administrative.Bachelor’s degree (BA/BS): 4 years aprox.Graduate 2- Master’s degree (MS/MA): 2 or 3 years.Doctorate degree (PhD): university teachers, doctors, lawyers, scientific. You can choose the subjects and you obtain credits. That is why bachelor’s is more general.Universities divided in schools/orientation. | * Nursery school 1 – 4/5 * Primary school: Infant (4 – 7) Junior (7 – 11) * Secondary school: * Senior * College/ sixth form GCSE: General Crtificate of Secondary Education. One year. Pupils can leave secondary schooling.One more year: AS-Levels (higher level of secondary)A-level (required for university entrance)Diploma: skills and and knowledge needed for work. (like the associated)VOSE * Higher education * Undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) * Graduate (or postgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as quaternary education). Higher education differs from other forms of post-secondary education such as vocational education.There is a three-level hierarchy of degrees (Bachelor, Master, Doctor) A graduate student is an individual who has completed a bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S.) and is pursuing further higher education, with the goal of achieving a master’s degree (M.A., M.S.) or doctorate In the United States, Graduate education can also refer to those pursuing a post-master’s Educational Specialist degree or post-master’s Certificate of Advanced Study (law school or business school.)| * Pre-primary level – kinder garden (two stages 4 and 5 obligatory) * Primary level – EPB (elementary). From 6 to 11 (it depends on the province) * Secondary level: from 12 to 17 years old. 1) ESB/CBU2) Polimodal/ CE/ ESO * Higher education: private/ national universities or institutions. | In college ≠  in university College: smaller Focus on undergraduate degrees There are a lot of variations especially in qualification. Each state has the possibility of regulate. University: divided into colleges but they are not specialized in one area ancient universities (Oxford/Cambridge). Each school has an orientation. Many courses of study in the same college. (â€Å"autà ³nomos†) OPEN UNIVERSITY: there are some degrees very prestigious. There is a curriculum: pass one subject in order to go on advancing in your program of studies. Diploma in higher education/associated: tecnicatura Undergraduate: after school Higher education: tertiary university undergraduate graduate and postgraduate as synonyms SLA: school leaving age

Ethical statement Essay

In this end of module assignment I have adhered to the E100 ethical guidance by ensuring that I have changed all names including children, parents and colleagues. I have gained signed permission from parents to say that for the purpose of my study I can observe selected children. I can confirm that I have only used material drawn from the setting identified within the employer permission agreement form. Introduction In my end of module assignment I will be discussing how I as a practitioner have developed throughout the E100 module. I will also be reviewing parts of my learning while studying towards an early year’s degree with The Open University. My assignment will include areas in which I have developed within my role including examples of how I have changed my practice due to things that I have learnt over the past year. In order to structure my assignment I will include the first paragraph which will be an insight into why I chose to study the E100 module then I will be using the chapter titles from study topic 18 as sub headings, they will be as follows – section one ‘Reflective practice’ then section two ‘A community of practice’ then section three ‘enquiry based leadership and development’ and finally section four ‘planning professional leadership and development’. In each of these sections I will discuss how the study top ics and course materials have helped me develop my own practice. Also as an appendix to my assignment I will include a Professional Development Plan and will discuss links between my development over the last year and the E100 course materials. I currently work in a setting that has children between the age of three months and five years. At the moment I am working with the pre –school age range, there are currently 35 children registered into the pre-school, but we only have a maximum of 24 children per day and a team of three practitioners one of which is a qualified teacher. E100 The Early Years: Developing practice The E100 module was a good choice for me to begin my study with the Open University. I decided to undertake the Honours degree in Early Years Care to develop my understanding of the way in which children learn and develop and also to develop my own practice and gain new insights into the everyday care  of children and young people. Reflective practice The term reflective practice is commonly used with in Early Years settings and involves critically analyzing actions in the aim to improve professional practice. When reflecting on practice it is important to identify good and bad practice that can then be used to develop strengths and weaknesses and areas in need of development. In study topic one regarding ‘roles and responsibilities and reflecting on practice’ it says â€Å"We live and work in a time of rapid change in terms of how childhood is thought of and experienced† (Miller L., Devereux J and Callan S pg 18) When working within the early year’s sector it is important that you are able to deal with change in a positive way. During this past year while studying the E100 module I have had to change the ways in I work on many occasions partly due to my position in the setting and partly because of what I have learnt and how I have developed. A good example of this is when studying for and completing TM A 02 about attachment theory I discovered that while children develop they succeed at things more when they feel the support from their key person. After completing this TMA I decided to do some research into the work of Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby, following my research I thought of a way in which I could improve the way in which my settings key person scheme works. I suggested that when working as three members of staff with the maximum capacity of 24 children, we should try as close as we can to have our key children with us for example when completing a craft activity myself and my group of key children could complete the activity then leave it set up for the next practitioner and their key children to complete it and so on. This works well now in my setting as the children feel secure with their key person and have a good understanding of what they will be doing that day and when. It has had a positive reaction on the children’s behaviour as the day flows more smoothly and they have a routine in place, the children also know that if they are unsure of anything they can ask their key person as they will be the one running the activities for them. Peter Moss in reader two chapter eighteen says â€Å"The education and continuous professional development of this reflective and democratic professional involves deepening understanding of t hese values and learning how to give expression to them in every day practice† (Moss P 2008) This is very important and is a  skill that I think I have gained throughout the E100 module. I now feel that I can reflect on my practice good or bad and develop ways in which I can improve myself and the setting I work in. A community of practice A community of practice is a term used to describe a group/sector of people that work together at one profession but often in many different ways. It is important that when working in Early Years care that the team of professionals can work together in order to provide good quality care for all the children. A good team is able to understand that they can gain knowledge and understanding by listening to opinions and experiences of other practitioners. It is through the process of sharing information that a team will bond and work together well. In study topic eighteen it says â€Å"As a community of practice evolves, its function is to reflect collaboratively and develop shared approaches† (Craft A., Reed M., Jones C., Goodliff G and Callan C 2012 pg 153) This links into the work I completed during study topic two and while completing TMA 01 ‘The influence of policy in my early years setting’. While studying study topic two I learnt that in order for the children to develop to their full potential there must be team that works really well together to provide high quality childcare. This suggests that there must be structure such as daily routine and weekly planning sheets. From studying this module I and the team in pre-school have held meetings to devise ways in which we can improve the current planning provision. I came up with the idea of structuring the planning in a simple way to ensure that all practitioners understand what they have to do that week. In reader two chapter nineteen developed by Alice Paige-Smith and Anna Craft it says â€Å"In becoming who we are as practitioners then, we build on layer upon layer of experience – our own and that of others generated by working with various communities† (Paige – Smith A and Craft A 2008 pg 192 (a) I feel that this statement is very much true as it is important to bring to your setting experiences and opinions you have gained from past encounters. This links again into the work I did around attachment theory and how children feel about people in the lives and things they have experienced. In reader two chapter 19 ‘Reflection and developing a community of practice’ it says â€Å"Professionals who work with young children in England are required to fulfil a range of policy based expectations within their  provisions, relating to curriculum, assessment and access to learning opportunities† ( Paige-Smith A and Craft A 2008 pg 194 (b) This state ment is very much true but in my opinion there is too much planning and paperwork to be done within settings. I feel that more time should be spent with the children to ensure that they are really enjoying their early learning experiences. While reading chapter 24 of reader one I came across points made by Vicky Hurst and Jenefer Joseph regarding ‘Parents and Practitioners’ they say that â€Å"Contacts with the home should be seen as part of the curriculum, and a part of the practitioner’s responsibility to provide for children’s learning in ways which suit them† (Hurst V Joseph J pg 264 1998) I fully agree with this statement and have recently held mini meetings with the parents of my key children to discover where they as the parents feel that their children are in their development progress and explain if I feel differently to their opinions or have any concerns. Mainly I used this time to interact with the parents on a more in formal level in order to build good relationships and enable them to understand that they can approach me about any concerns they may have regarding their Childs development process. This then led the other practitioners to follow my lead and arrange meetings for themselves with their key children’s parents this made me feel very proud as they had taken my idea and used it for themselves in order to better the provision of the setting and gain better understanding of the children in their care. When working as a community of practice it is essential that all members of the team are aware of their position, roles and responsibilities. The setting should run like a well oiled machine. In reader one chapter 4 it says â€Å"Each team member needs the confidence of understanding where the pieces of the jigsaw fit† (Read M Rees M pg 50 2000 (a) This is very significant when working with the team in pre-school a t my setting we are all fully aware of our responsibilities and these are regularly reviewed to ensure that they are still relevant so that the members of the team don’t become stuck in their ways and not change their thinking as children develop. Enquiry based leadership and development The word leader or leadership basically is how one person or an organisation like a nursery setting can aid others in the accomplishment of tasks or could also mean someone who people follow or the person a team look to. A  few examples of this are the room leaders of settings that manage the day to day planning and over see the running and routines. When working in childcare it is important to have leadership skills because as practitioners we are leading children into school life and ensuring that they are as fully prepared as they can be. While studying this module I have developed immensely and now understand more about the different sectors of childcare for example nannies, childminders and more information about settings. While reading chapter twenty four of reader two I learnt that leadership is really important when running an early years setting. In the chapter it says â€Å"Practitioners need support if they are to preserve in changing their practice† (Anning A Edw ards A 2006 pg 236) I believe this statement to be true as a practitioner I have witnessed that if you work within a supportive network you’re more likely to succeed along your chosen career path. There are many skills involved in being a good practitioner, using study topic 18 I have picked out a few that relate myself ; Lead by example – this is very important when working with children as well as other adults, children are likely to model behaviour they see while in the setting so it is a must that I act professionally and use correct language at all times. Admit mistakes – if I have made a mistake or even completed a task that I felt didn’t go very well, I always reflect on the situation and think of ways to develop it. We have staff observations that other practitioners complete if they see good or bad practice that we then reflect on in the next staff appraisal. Effectively transfer information about children and families – I feel I am really good at building relationships with the children their parents and other practitioners. Communication is a big part of everyday practice and being able to communicate is a valuable skill. These are just a few examples but there are many more skills that define a person as a good practitioner. In chapter four of reader one regarding ‘Working in teams in early years settings’ it says â€Å"Successful team work requires a group of individuals to share the daily working experience in a positive and proactive manner.†(Read M Rees M 2000 pg 47 (b) It is essenti al to be part of a good team that can tackle any situation and work together effectively. I recently started in my current setting and fitted in quickly within the team; I felt welcomed and was told my roles and responsibilities in a clear simple way. Now I’m settled in and the team feels like a little family. I have really developed  a clear understanding of what I need to do on a daily basis and often act as room leader when she is on holiday or sick etc I feel that I am very good at stepping up to the plate and taking charge. An example of this would be on a week where I was acting as the room lead a new apprentice started working with us I remembered how I felt on my first day and the things the team did to welcome me and then made sure that the apprentice felt the same way. I also ensured that the children felt safe around the new apprentice and that they all new why she was there and her name. In chapter four is a quote I feel fits well into the subject of inclusion within a team, â€Å"Each team member needs the confidence of the understanding where the pieces of the jigsaw fit.†(Read M and Rees M 2000 pg 50 (c) A team will work more effectively if everyone knows what they have to do. Planning professional leadership and development In this last paragraph I am going to discuss my PDP (professional development plan) and how the E100 module has helped me towards reaching the goals of my PDP I will also discuss what attributes I feel make a good professional leader. Within my PDP I have stated that I would like to eventually open up my very own preschool after studying this module I have learnt a lot about what needs to be done to do this and researched more towards actually completing this goal. There are many different attributes that I feel make a good leader a few of which are; Enthusiasm – a good leader is very enthusiastic about their job and the role as a leader. Committed to excellence – a good leader is all about excellence, being second best should not be an option. Confident – a good leader should be confident within their role and encourage confidence from other team members. In study topic eighteen it says, â€Å"Leadership – the capacity to motivate and encourage others, for example to access training or implement a new way of working and to take on responsibility.† (Craft A., Reed M., Jones C., Goodliff G and Callan C 2012 pg 168 2012) When trying to improve yourself and further your career it is important to be able to give yourself short, medium and long term goals in my professional development plan I have included that eventually I would like to open up my own pre – school setting in which I plan to have a good  strong team that is professional and fully focused on the children and helping them reach their full potential. To full fill my dream I am going to have to work hard to complete the rest of my degree and use the new knowledge and understanding I gain to start my business with the childcare sector. Conclusion In conclusion I feel that my development while studying the E100 module has come on in leaps and bounds. Through studying with The Open University I feel I have gained a lot more confidence towards working with children and their families and building strong relationships. It has helped me develop my understanding of the profession and made me want to further my knowledge and develop my career goal of owning a pre-school. I look forward to beginning the next year of study with The Open University which will be the E105 module. This module has enabled me to reflect on my practice not only the good aspects but also things that I have done not so well being able to do this has made me feel a lot more professional in my role and has given me the confidence to apply for more supervisory roles within my community. Completing this EMA has influenced me greatly towards enrolling for future courses and developing my skills. Over the summer break I intend to complete online training courses to progress my own skills and knowledge. References Anning a Edwards A. (2006) ‘Creating contexts for professional development’ Miller L., Cable C and Goodliff G. ‘Supporting children’s learning in the early years’ 2nd Edition. Oxon David Fulton/Milton Keynes the Open University. Craft A., Reed M., Jones C., Goodliff G. And Callan S. (2012) ‘study topic eighteen Professional learning, leadership and development’ E100 the Early Years: Developing practice, Milton Keynes the Open University. Hurst V and Joseph J (1998) ‘Parents and practitioners, sharing education’ Cable C., Miller L and Goodliff G. ‘working with children in the Early Years’ 2nd Edition. Oxon David Fulton/Milton Keynes The Open University. Miller L., Devereux J. & Callan S. (2012) ‘study topic one Roles and Responsibilities’’ E100 The Early Years: Developing practice, Milton Keynes The Open University. Moss P (2008) ‘The democratic and reflective professional’ Miller L., Cable C. And Goodliff G. ‘Supporting children’s learning in the early years’ 2nd Edition. Oxon David Fulton/ Milton Keynes The Open University. Paige-Smith A and Craft A. (2008) ‘Reflection and developing a community of practice’ Cable C., Miller L and Goodliff G. ‘working with children in the Early Years’ 2nd Edition. Oxon David Fulton/Milton Keynes The Open University. (a) Paige-Smith A and Craft A. (2008) ‘Reflection and developing a community of practice’ Cable C., Miller L and Goodliff G. ‘working with children in the Early Years’ 2nd Edition. Oxon David Fulton/Milton Keynes The Open University.(b) Reed M and Rees M. (2000) ‘Working in teams in early years settings’ Cable C., Miller L and Goodliff G. ‘working with children in the Early Years’ 2nd Edition. Oxon David Fulton/Milton Keynes The Open University. (a) page 50 Reed M and Rees M. (2000) ‘Working in teams in early years settings’ Cable C., Miller L and Goodliff G. ‘working with children in the Early Years’ 2nd Edition. Oxon David Fulton/Mil ton Keynes The Open University. (b) page 47 Reed M and Rees M. (2000) ‘Working in teams in early years settings’ Cable C., Miller L and Goodliff G. ‘working with children in the Early Years’ 2nd Edition. Oxon David Fulton/Milton Keynes The Open University. (c) Page 50

Parallel Forces Physics Lab Essay Example

Parallel Forces Physics Lab Essay Example Parallel Forces Physics Lab Paper Parallel Forces Physics Lab Paper Parallel Forces Objective: Find FA and FB on the apparatus which are parallel to both Fulcrum A and B. Calculations: Theoretical FB = 0 +FB 0. 5 (0. 1kg x g x 0. 1m) (0. 2kg x g x 0. 4m) (0. 05kg x g x 0. 7m) (0. 1kg x g x 0. 3m) = 0 -[{(0. 1kg x 0. 1m) + (0. 2kg x 0. 4m) + (0. 05kg x 0. 7m) + (0. 1kg x 0. 3m)}x 9. 8] + 0. 5FB = 0 0. 5FB = [(0. 1 x 0. 1) + (0. 2 x 0. 4) + (0. 05 x 0. 7) + (0. 1 x 0. 3)]x 9. 8 FB = FB = 3. 04 N Experimental FB FB = mpanB g mfulcrumB g FB = (0. 385kg x 9. 8) (. 0816kg x 9. 8) = 3. 77 . 800 FB = 2. 97 N Theoretical FA -[(0. 1kg x g) + (0. 2kg x g) + (0. 5kg x g) + (0. 1kg x g)] + FA + FB = 0 -[(0. 1kg x g) + (0. 2kg x g) + (0. 05kg x g) + (0. 1kg x g)] + FA + 3. 04N = 0 -4. 41 + FA + 3. 04 = 0 FA 1. 37 = 0 FA = 1. 37 N Experimental FA FA = (mpanA x g) (mfulcrumA x g) FA = (0. 205kg x 9. 8) (. 0693kg x 9. 8) = 2. 01 . 679 FA = 1. 33 N Conclusion: Since the distance of FB is greater than that of FA, the torque of FB is larger. The line of FA, lies directing on the 0. 2 m axis, causing a torque of zero for FA. The theoretical and experimental values for both forces are very close, supporting the theory of torque and parallel forces.

What Everyone Should Know About the Vietnam War

What Everyone Should Know About the Vietnam War The Vietnam War was the prolonged struggle between nationalist forces attempting to unify the country of Vietnam under a communist government and the United States (with the aid of the South Vietnamese) attempting to prevent the spread of communism. Engaged in a war that many viewed as having no way to win, U.S. leaders lost the American publics support for the war. Since the end of the war, the Vietnam War has become a benchmark for what not to do in all future U.S. foreign conflicts. Dates of the Vietnam War: 1959 April 30, 1975 Also Known As: American War in Vietnam, the Vietnam Conflict, Second Indochina War, War Against the Americans to Save the Nation Ho Chi Minh Comes Home There had been fighting in Vietnam for decades before the Vietnam War began. The Vietnamese had suffered under French colonial rule for nearly six decades when Japan invaded portions of Vietnam in 1940. It was in 1941 when Vietnam had two foreign powers occupying them, that communist Vietnamese revolutionary leader Ho Chi Minh arrived back in Vietnam after spending 30 years traveling the world. Once Ho was back in Vietnam, he established a headquarters in a cave in northern Vietnam and established the Viet Minh, whose goal was to rid Vietnam of the French and Japanese occupiers. Having gained support for their cause in northern Vietnam, the Viet Minh announced the establishment of an independent Vietnam with a new government called the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on September 2, 1945. The French, however, were not willing to give up their colony so easily and fought back. For years, Ho had tried to court the United States to support him against the French, including supplying the U.S. with military intelligence about the Japanese during World War II. Despite this aid, the United States was fully dedicated to their Cold War foreign policy of containment, which meant preventing the spread of communism. This fear of the spread of communism was heightened by the U.S. domino theory, which stated that if one country in Southeast Asia fell to communism then surrounding countries would also soon fall. To help prevent Vietnam from becoming a communist country, the U.S. decided to help France defeat Ho and his revolutionaries by sending the French military aid in 1950. Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion at Dien Bien Phu in north-west Vietnam, the site of a major battle between the French and the Vietminh in 1954. Ernst Haas/Getty Images France Steps Out, U.S. Steps In In 1954, after suffering a decisive defeat at Dien Bien Phu, the French decided to pull out of Vietnam. At the Geneva Conference of 1954, a number of nations met to determine how the French could peacefully withdraw. The agreement that came out of the conference (called the Geneva Accords) stipulated a cease-fire for the peaceful withdrawal of French forces and the temporary division of Vietnam along the 17th parallel (which split the country into communist North Vietnam and non-communist South Vietnam). In addition, a general democratic election was to be held in 1956 that would reunite the country under one government. The United States refused to agree to the election, fearing the communists might win. With help from the United States, South Vietnam carried out the election only in South Vietnam rather than countrywide. After eliminating most of his rivals, Ngo Dinh Diem was elected. His leadership, however, proved so horrible that he was killed in 1963 during a coup supported by the United States. Since Diem had alienated many South Vietnamese during his tenure, communist sympathizers in South Vietnam established the National Liberation Front (NLF), also known as the Viet Cong, in 1960 to use guerrilla warfare against the South Vietnamese. First U.S. Ground Troops Sent to Vietnam As the fighting between the Viet Cong and the South Vietnamese continued, the U.S. continued to send additional advisers to South Vietnam. When the North Vietnamese fired directly upon two U.S. ships in international waters on August 2 and 4, 1964 (known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident), Congress responded with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. This resolution gave the president the authority to escalate U.S. involvement in Vietnam. President Lyndon Johnson used that authority to order the first U.S. ground troops to Vietnam in March 1965. President Johnson Announces Retaliation for Gulf of Tonkin Incident.   Historical/Getty Images Johnsons Plan for Success President Johnsons goal for U.S. involvement in Vietnam was not for the U.S. to win the war, but for U.S. troops to bolster South Vietnams defenses until South Vietnam could take over. By entering the Vietnam War without a goal to win, Johnson set the stage for future public and troop disappointment when the U.S. found themselves in a stalemate with the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong. From 1965 to 1969, the U.S. was involved in a limited war in Vietnam. Although there were aerial bombings of the North, President Johnson wanted the fighting to be limited to South Vietnam. By limiting the fighting parameters, the U.S. forces would not conduct a serious ground assault into the North to attack the communists directly nor would there be any strong effort to disrupt the Ho Chi Minh Trail (the Viet Congs supply path that ran through Laos and Cambodia). Life in the Jungle U.S. troops fought a jungle war, mostly against the well-supplied Viet Cong. The Viet Cong would attack in ambushes, set up booby traps, and escape through a complex network of underground tunnels. For U.S. forces, even just finding their enemy proved difficult. Since Viet Cong hid in the dense brush, U.S. forces would drop Agent Orange or napalm bombs, which cleared an area by causing the leaves to drop off or to burn away. In every village, U.S. troops had difficulty determining which, if any, villagers were the enemy since even women and children could build booby traps or help house and feed the Viet Cong. U.S. soldiers commonly became frustrated with the fighting conditions in Vietnam. Many suffered from low morale, became angry, and some used drugs. Troops Fighting during the Tet Offensive in the Vietnam War. Bettmann/Getty Images Surprise Attack - The Tet Offensive On January 30, 1968, the North Vietnamese surprised both the U.S. forces and the South Vietnamese by orchestrating a coordinated assault with the Viet Cong to attack about a hundred South Vietnamese cities and towns. Although the U.S. forces and the South Vietnamese army were able to repel the assault known as the  Tet Offensive, this attack proved to Americans that the enemy was stronger and better organized than they had been led to believe. The  Tet Offensive  was a turning point in the war because President Johnson, faced now with an unhappy American public and bad news from his military leaders in Vietnam, decided to no longer escalate the war. Nixons Plan for Peace With Honor In 1969,  Richard Nixon  became the new U.S. president and he had his own plan to end U.S. involvement in Vietnam.   President Nixon  outlined a plan called Vietnamization, which was a process to remove U.S. troops from Vietnam while handing back the fighting to the South Vietnamese. The withdrawal of U.S. troops began in July 1969. To bring a faster end to hostilities, President Nixon also expanded the war into other countries, such as Laos and Cambodia- a move that created thousands of protests, especially on college campuses, back in America. To work toward peace, new peace talks began in Paris on January 25, 1969. When the U.S. had withdrawn most of its troops from Vietnam, the North Vietnamese staged another massive assault, called the  Easter Offensive  (also called the Spring Offensive), on March 30, 1972. North Vietnamese troops crossed over the demilitarized zone (DMZ) at the 17th parallel and invaded South Vietnam. The remaining U.S. forces and the South Vietnamese army fought back. Representatives from the four factions of the Vietnam War meet in Paris to sign a peace agreement. Bettmann/Getty Images The Paris Peace Accords On January 27, 1973, the peace talks in Paris finally succeeded in producing a cease-fire agreement. The last U.S. troops left Vietnam on March 29, 1973, knowing they were leaving a weak South Vietnam who would not be able to withstand another major communist North Vietnam attack. Reunification of Vietnam After the U.S. had withdrawn all its troops, the fighting continued in Vietnam. In early 1975, North Vietnam made another big push south which toppled the South Vietnamese government. South Vietnam officially surrendered to communist North Vietnam on April 30, 1975. On July 2, 1976, Vietnam was reunited as a  communist country, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Research - Essay Example In case of not completing specific developmental tasks, there are negative consequences for people. The lifespan can be divided into ‘infancy’, ‘early childhood’, ‘school age’, ‘adolescence’, ‘early adulthood’, ‘young adulthood’, ‘mid life’, ‘later maturity’, and ‘old age’. From prenatal age, human beings start undergoing stressful situations due to which, their cortisol levels get elevated resulting in death of certain brain cells. This death of cells brings disadvantageous results for the individual as he develops certain cognitive and mental disabilities. Later on, children start being defensive against stress by learning to cope up with stressful situations (Chen & Kottler, 2012). Different stages of lifespan offer different kinds of stressors for people with whom they fight in order to make themselves safe. In coping up with different kinds of stress during the li fetime, children gaining maturity by entering adolescence try to cope up with stress through the usage of drugs and alcoholism that is again damaging for their health. It is impossible for a human being to get never stressed or face different stressors. We have to undergo stressing situations on daily basis even before our birth. Some amount of stress is essential for our life continuity as it enables children to develop the capabilities to accept new and possible risky situations and to cope up with them throughout their lives. Children require assistance of parents and elders in order to handle stress physically as well as emotionally (Middlebrooks & Audage, 2008). However, when stress becomes severe or insidious, the advantageousness of acceptable amount of stress gets lost. Prolonged and chronic stress has short term as well as long term health hazards. The growth of brain, nervous system and the immunity system, all get dysfunctional because stress throughout the lifespan. The stress that

Essay on American Revolution in Popular Culture - 1

On American Revolution in Popular Culture - Essay Example It was a bitter experience for those who lived then. This made the fight for freedom and the eventual freedom even sweeter. There is a lot of material in popular culture that seeks to re-create the events back then. One of these novels is Saratoga: A Novel of the American Revolution. The writer is David Garland. This novel was published in the year 2006. At the very beginning, the novel starts in May 19771. The colonies, which today make the United States, unilaterally declare their independence from the Crown. This is obviously not a situation to be treated lightly on the part of the British. They organize a military response that is less than effective. Their initial assumption was that they could easily crush the uprising by isolated groups of revolutionaries. However, they are met by more resistance than they anticipated. The main character in the novel is Captain Jamie Skoyles, a soldier attached to the 24th Foot of the British army. He is a seasoned fighter. One of the interferences of popular culture in as far as the factual depiction of this war in the novel is concerned is a love affair that Skoyles is embroiled in with Elizabeth Rainham who is already engaged. This is a constant feature in popular culture. The need to romanticize war is very prevalent in popular culture. It stems from the fact that romance attracts audiences that naturally would not be drawn to war. These might include women. The rigours of war when soothed by a strong love affair seem bearable. Skoyles is also depicted attending and even meting out floggings to errant soldiers and even enemy combatants. This is an image that has been invented by popular culture. There is the belief that the most effective soldier is the one who does not shy away from violence. This popular culture construct is alive and well today. There are soldiers to day who are rewarded with the nation’s highest honors’ for performing extraordinary and fearless acts. One that comes to mind is that of a

Japanese Abenomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Japanese Abenomics - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the Abenomics refers to an economic recovery strategy developed by Abe after taking office in 2012. The strategy focuses on a more relaxed fiscal policy for Japan and an increased depreciation of the exchange rate of the Japanese Yen. We hope to see growth in Japan’s economy based on the three arrows of the Abenomics policy. In the first arrow, people expect the nation to reach the goal of 2 percent inflation rate with two years and an unlimited easing policy. The first arrow of the policy also aims and solving the Yen’s rate of appreciation and amend the nation’s banking laws to integrate and collaborate with the government. However, based on the second arrow of the Abenomics, we hope to see an increase in the public investment and buying processes of construction bonds by Japan’s central bank. The Abenomics registered early positive signs. If Abe and his supporters succeed with the new policy, Japan could offer investment oppo rtunities for the near future for the Japanese people and foreign investors. In addition to the initial success of the Abenomics, other factors particularly the structural reforms can propel economic recovery of Japan and investment interests in Japan. Structural reforms are expected from the Abenomics. The various structural reforms represent the third arrow of the Abenomics. Successful implementation of the third arrow of the Abenomics may result in increased female participation in Japan’s labor market and consolidation of Japan’s farmland. From the growth strategy proposed by Abe’s economic policy, a more cosmopolitan workforce is expected. If the Abenomics succeed in implementing its policies, we expect a change in the longevity and health of the society.

Constructing Flyovers At Sri Lankan Traffic Jammed Areas Construction Essay

Constructing Flyovers At Sri Lankan Traffic Jammed Areas Construction Essay An efficient transport network is the backbone of a healthy economy. As SriLankans most of our productivity is lost due to the inefficient and congested road network. One of the recent additions for traffic management and to alleviate congestion in colombo city and its suburbs has been the introduction of flyovers at important intersections of the main road corridors. The main function of a flyover is the separation of conflicting traffic movements thereby minimizing conflicts by using the vertical space. Therefore, it is assumed to cause less impact to the adjacent properties and the existing infrastructure. However, this depends on the type of flyover and the traffic pattern at the junction. 2. The efficiency of the recently introduced flyovers in the suburbs of the city of colombo can be tested by comparing before and after conditions of important traffic engineering parameters. It is also important to analyze the congestion level at the intersection and its significance compared to the entire road system. Basically the speed and the system capacity can be compared as main considerations to test this at a particular location. Moreover, the benefits and cost of a flyover against other reasonable and alternatives to obtain a similar result should be taken in to consideration and evaluated. In this research has attempted to compare the economic benefits of introducing flyovers against other short term and long term alternatives. The possible solutions available both from traffic and transport aspects are also widely discussed in my research. 3. The first of the series of large scale flyovers introduced to Sri Lanka recently are located across main railway lines in and around colombo. The first of these was a concrete cantilever type flyover in Ragama. This was constructed in 1996 in order to avoid the delay caused by the railway gate closures at the main line. A second flyover was completed along the baseline Road area. Dematagoda which was also across the main railway line in year 2000 to prevent the stagnation of vehicles on the Base line road. This was a 6 lane viaduct (culvert) type concrete structure. The 3rd flyover, which is a steel structure, was constructed in 2008 at Kelaniya within a record period of just 66 days; this was also to avoid the delay from the main railway line across the colombo-Kandy Road. The main purpose for the construction of all these flyovers was to reduce delays caused to vehicle traffic due to the closures of rail gates and reduction of accidents. 4. The latest flyover was constructed at Nugegoda junction in 2009. This is the first flyover at a road intersection, constructed in order to reduce intersection delays in Nugegoda. This too is a steel structure. 5. From the above details we could basically divide flyovers in SriLanka in to two main categories, a. Those across railway lines (railway overpasses) and b. those across road intersections resulting in grade separations. 6. The comparisons of key performance factors such as speed, safety, and economic cost with or without the flyover can be analyzed for both categories. Also, the economic viability of each category could be tested by comparing the cost and the benefits of the design life of each flyover. Selection of the type of flyover and its design are also of interest. In this respect, the comparison between cost, life time, possibility of land use, space utilization as well as the visual and function impacts on the area would be considered as being relevant decision making parameters for the selection of the type of flyover. CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY AIM The aim of this research is to identify and analyze the issues related the construction of flyovers at the traffic jammed areas in colombo district, How to improve finds the achievements and drawbacks being available in the flyovers. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 2. The growth of population, economy and as a result of the prevailing economic policy, the number of motor transport is increasing daily but the road network has not developed in such a manner to cater for the increasing requirement creating a great impact on the growth of our economy. Similarly the inefficiency of public passenger transportation combines together with this, as it is the mode of travel used by the general public for day to day activities. 3. Moreover Improvements to Public Transportation can reduce traffic congestion by attracting car and other motorized users to bus and train transportation hence can contribute to the economy in long term by reduce fuel consumption, efficient use of road and vehicle fleet, reduced accidents, etc. Increasing of private motorized vehicles by widening and improving more capacity to it will create further problems to the traffic environment in future. Hence, the concern of more tax and quota system to reduce vehicle ownership will help to reduce the vehicle growth rate. But at the same time government should improve public transportation to satisfactorily for the convenience of all users. 4. On the other hand very expensive infrastructure will negatively impact to the economy of a country as they lose the power for expenditure to other important needs at the same time hence the inflation rate would be unbearable if they are already have economic crisis. Therefore, injection of local funding to huge infrastructure which will produce marginal benefits is a waste for a nation. However, the flyovers also can be constructed using reinforced concrete structures too at lower cost than steel structure presented at placed in Colombo these days. THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 5. It is hypothesized that construction of flyovers at the traffic jammed areas as this is the best remedy for the issue, in this context there is no such requirement for add more kilometers to our road network. SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH 6. This research paper examines the lapses in the road network, one of the most recent traffic management methods, Improvements to Public Transportation can reduce traffic congestion and public passenger transportation at present, on its maintenance and existence, and how it affects the economy of our country and the ways available to overcome the problem effectively. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION 7. The data for the research is collected both from primary and secondary sources. Primary data The Primary data has been collected from 40 samples in colombo district. Secondary data The data required for the research collected from the secondary sources with relevant Books, RDA/UDA Specialized personals and the Internet utilized. LIMITATION OF THE RESEARCH 8. My Limitation is Primary data was collected mainly from questionnaires, it is assumed in the information is 100% correct. Forty consumer of flyover were selected for the study. This also is a limitation in the generalization of the result. GLOBAL EXPERIENCES WITH FLYOVERS 1. Flyovers have been assumed to be an ultimate solution for traffic congestion in the congested cities of developing countries. Large number of flyovers has been constructed in our country in last few years. However, the actual performance of such flyovers is debatable when considering the overall impact to other transport functions such as pedestrian facilities, visual aesthetics and business developments in the locality. There is a strong public perception that flyovers have solved or will solve traffic problems in metropolitan areas.   Therefore, there is no apparent resistance from the public, media, politicians and administrators when flyovers are constructed.   The only resistance comes from the few that are adversely affected, for example, owners/tenants of business establishments, residents and civil institutions.   In response they are often criticized for not being socially conscientious and for being anti-development  since they usually cannot justify their own re asons from a professional point of view and there is no support for them even if hundreds of thousands may even suffer from the adverse effects of such developments.   The position that the interests and convenience of society at large over the inconvenience or losses to a few are often ignored in many countries.   There appears to be no counter to such arguments since there is indeed some logic and truth to it. 2. It has in fact been shown that the convenience of a flyover mainly occurs only during the non-peak hours of traffic flow.   For example, during non-peak hours well-designed at-grade intersections like those in all present flyovers are doing fine as it is only in peak hours that flyovers have a slight advantage. The convenience is also felt only in 2 directions of traffic flow out of a possible 12 directions at an intersection.   These misconceptions have had a great influence on the publics mind that flyovers indeed solve all traffic problems at intersections.   Only in-depth analysis and engineering computations can counter this influence.  For example, our country and in developing countries are examining possibilities of introducing toll systems to recover the huge cost of these flyovers. However there are difficulties in implementing such methods due to the lack of space for toll booths and also the difficulty of imposing this to the users who only have marginal benefits from a single facility within the overall road infrastructure. 3. The experience of our country and in developing countries is that flyovers have not given the anticipated benefits for developing cities. Moreover this has been considered as a threat to the urban architecture as well as the accessibility within the city. Common complaints regarding flyovers are the negligence of public transport, transit facilities, and pedestrian facilities. STUDY AREA 4. In the colombo suburban area there are four flyovers of recent origin. The three (04) railway flyovers namely at Dematagoda, Ragama, Dehiwala and the recently constructed at Pattiya Junction in Kiribathgoda are included in this study Figure 01. The Nugegoda flyover is at a road intersection. This too is included to be discussed separately. The data required for the research collected from the secondary sources with relevant Books, RDA/UDA Specialized personnel and the Internet utilized. ANALYSIS 6. The analysis is carried out under two categories namely flyover performance at road intersection and flyover across the railway lines. FLYOVERS AT ROAD INTERSECTION 7. The travel time data of all the turnings including the through traffic on the flyover at Nugegoda intersection were used to calculate the average (daily average) speed and delay at each approach of road links (Figure 02). Figure 02: Travel Time Survey at Nugegoda Intersection with Flyover 8. The average two way traffic flow speed on each 100 meters segment of all four road approaches (up to 2km) of the Nugegoda flyover. The average speed of road links other than on the flyover includes the signal delay too. 9. It was observed from the above analysis that flyovers at railway crossings give higher benefits when compared to that of road intersections. The comparison of basic values indicates that concrete flyovers are better than that of steel structures. This is evident when the life time and the maintenance of the two types of flyovers are compared. Even though the economic analysis was done for 20 years, the concrete structures can last for more than 50 years without many repairs on it. Therefore the benefits of concrete structures are much more than those indicated in this analysis. 10. The flyover at Nugegoda intersection designed for 20 years. According to the travel time survey data, this flyover indicates the lowest savings. It also has the highest per lane km cost. However, the signalization with improvements to approach links of the intersection as an alternative to the flyover indicates very well. 11. It was observed that the flyover or signalization alone does not solve the traffic congestion at an intersection but that it also needs capacity improvements of approach links for an improvement at that intersection. It can be observed that most of the intersection approaches are often blocked by parked vehicles and other activities such as uncontrolled pedestrian movements and temporary businesses on the walkways. Therefore it is often seen that the existing road infrastructures in urban areas are not properly utilized. The capacity of road links and the intersection can be improved by enhanced traffic management strategies. NEW FLYOVERS PLANNED BUT LACK PROPER PEDESTRIAN WALKWAYS 12. It has come into the notice of the Srilanka that in order to improve the transport system the Srilanka government has planned plenty of routines. Integrated multimodal transport system, will play a prominent part in offering an effective public transport service and hopefully will reduce private vehicles. 13. All in all, the main focus is on the development of more roads and more effective mass transportation. Though, there is no emphasis on the common man- the pedestrian- and his requirement for safe problem free movement space. 14. There is no doubt in my mind that with steady increase in the numbers of cars and footpaths, pedestrian space in the colombo city has become increasingly marginalized. In other word, the footpath was meant to be a place for the common man to walk upon and did not belong to the owner of plots adjoining the access road. 15. Theoretically speaking, roads have been widened in Srilanka and flyovers have been built in all the major cities of the country without offering safe and convenient facilities for pedestrian to cross over. The requirement for adequate pedestrian space is an absolute must especially in places where large number of people gets together such as in neighborhood markets and shopping centers specially Dehiwala. 16. Unfortunately, here also, the focus seems to be on providing for the movement of vehicles and the parking of cars. Shoppers dodge their way around moving cars, three-wheelers, motorcycles and accidents are frequent and common. Despite this traders have continued to resist the pedestrianisation of shopping streets fearing loss of business. TRANSPORTABLE ROADWORK TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEM TRAFFIC-RELATED Low-cost traffic signal system for one-way alternating traffic. Easy to control, clearly organized at a glance. Universal in use with power cable, Telephone cable and others. All signal heads uniformity and simple. MODES OF OPERATION: Automatic fixed time mode Automatic green time extension Automatic green on demand All-red in cable and radio mode Manual operation from every signal head possible in cable and radio mode FLYOVER CONSTRUCTION 17. Recent traffic counts have shown that there are in excess of 30,000 vehicles using the roundabout daily at colombo area. The straight-through movement between the east and west sides off the South Ring Road was the highest recorded traffic movement at the roundabout and represents approximately 40% of the total traffic using the roundabout. There was an urgent need for grade separation. 18. Effective traffic management throughout the duration of the project was vital as the same volume of vehicles used the roundabout during construction as they did before construction. From public opinion, traffic management was put in place effectively and major delays were rare. CHAPTER FOUR IDENTIFY MAJOR ISSUES AND DIFFICULTIES UPLIFTING EXISTING ROAD NETWORK AND IDENTIFY EFFECTS SUPPLY AND DEMAND WIDENING WORKS UNDERWAY ON THE WAY TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF LANES. 1. Congestion can be reduced by either increasing road capacity (supply), or by reducing traffic (demand). Capacity can be increased in a number of ways, but needs to take account of hidden demands otherwise it may be used more strongly than anticipated. Critics of the approach of adding capacity have compared it to inducing demand that did not exist before. Reducing road capacity has in turn been attacked as removing free choice as well as increasing travel costs and times. INCREASED SUPPLY CAN INCLUDE: Adding more capacity at bottlenecks (such as by adding more lanes at the expense of parking/harden type shoulders or safety zones, or by removing local obstacles like bridge supports and widening tunnels) Adding more capacity over the whole of a route (generally by adding more lanes) Creating new routes Traffic management improvements REDUCTION OF DEMAND CAN INCLUDE: Vehicle parking or non parking restrictions. Vehicle park or no parking (Ride) facilities allowing parking at a distance and allowing continuation by private and commercial transport or selected lane. Reduction of road capacity to force traffic onto other ways and modes. Road entering fees (Southern highway) charging money for access onto a road/specific area at certain times, congestion levels or for certain road users. Road reserve area, where regulatory restrictions prevent certain types of vehicles from driving under certain circumstances or in certain areas. Rule/Policy approaches, which usually attempt to provide either strategic alternatives or which encourage greater usage of existing alternatives through promotion, subsidies or restrictions. TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 2. Global positioning system (GPS) devices are used to determine global locations points, which are measured and recorded as Longitude (E), Latitude (S), and Elevation/Altitude (meters above sea level). Anyway before commencement of a GPS survey must be required checklist. Traffic monitoring, via radio, GPS or possibly mobile type phones, to advise road users. Fluctuate type message installed along the roadway, to advise road users. Navigation or clear identifying system possibly linked up to automatic traffic reporting. Traffic monitoring / analyzing permanently installed, to provide real-time traffic counts. Road traffic monitoring/Analysis, to provide information on highway. Computerized highway system, a future idea which could reduce the safe interval between cars (required for braking in emergencies) and increase highway capacity by as much as 100% while increasing travel speeds. Parking area and guidance with information systems providing dynamic advice to motorists about free parking. Active vehicle controlling (Critical situation) system hard area (Parking, bus halt) as an extra traffic lane, it uses CCTV and monitor the traffics use of the extra lane. OTHER ASSOCIATED 3. Other associated are, School time (Start/End) arranged to avoid busy time traffic. Driving behavior promotion and enforcement moreover driving practices, frequent lane such as security or school hrs etc changes can reduce a roads capacity and exacerbate jams. Visual/Sound barriers such as horn CGR gate bell ringing etc; to prevent drivers from slowing down out of curiosity. Condition of speed reductions, showing speed limit, humps etc with lower speeds allowing cars to drive closer together, this increases the capacity of a road. 4. Moreover where space-efficient vehicles, usually motor bike, three-wheels and cars ride or drive in the allocated space between cars, buses, and trucks specially peek hrs. This is however illegal in many countries as it is perceived as a safety risk. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES DURING THE FLYOVER Acceptable and accepted only rail borne modes can in practice get people out of cars. Smooth no violent movements vertically, laterally, or backwards/forwards. Comfortable Re-assuring tram lines (New proposal year 2009 but not succeeded) give confidence that service operates. Safe many times safer than vehicle travel. Speedy short journey times can be achieve. Compatible with pedestrians in pedestrianised areas. Clean and green enhances the environment no emissions at street level. Avoids traffic congestion through segregation and priority. 5. Roads including highways with grade separation generally allow traffic to move freely, with fewer interruptions, and at higher overall speeds; this is why speed limits are typically higher for grade-separated roads. In addition, less conflict between traffic movements reduces the capacity for accidents. Motorways, though having higher average speeds, usually have much lower accident rates per distance traveled than roads which are not grade separated. 6. However, grade-separated junctions are very space-intensive, complicated, and costly, due to the need for large physical structures such as tunnels, ramps, and bridges. Their height can be obtrusive, and this, combined with the large traffic volumes that grade-separated roads attract, tends to make them unpopular to nearby landowners and residents. New grade-separated road plans can receive significant opposition from local groups for these reasons. 7. Rail-over-rail grade separations take up less space than road grade separations, because shoulders are not needed, there are generally fewer branches and side road connections to accommodate (because a partial grade separation will accomplish more improvement than for a road), and because at-grade railway connections often take up significant space on their own. However, they require significant engineering effort, and are very expensive and time-consuming to construct. 8. Rail-over-road grade separations require very little additional space because no connections need be built, but require significant engineering effort and are expensive and time-consuming to construct above. 9. Many closures from 1990 to 2010 happened, and many people thought that it was the beginning of the Colombo, Galle, Kandy vehicles, but the situation changed after 1990. Large number of automobiles started creating pollution and smog. High rising of petrol diesel in international market also thought people that petrol running automobile is far worse than electricity driven street rail. ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 10. Under this topic road infrastructure can be improve under this conditions, Grade or type separation, using bridges (or, less often, tunnels) freeing movements from having to stop for other crossing movements. congested motorway-type roadway. Reducing junctions (1) Providing through lanes that bypass junction on-ramp and off-ramp zones (Except highway access) (2) A grade access road, roads that limit the type and amounts of way along their lengths. REVERSIBLE TYPE LANES 11. Considering the day today, certain sections of highway operate in the opposite direction on different times of the day or days of the week. SEPARATE LANES 12. Separate lanes for specific user groups, Public bus ways, Pedestrians (High occupancy vehicle lane) URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN 13. Urban planning and city planning (UDA/NHDA planning) practices can have a huge impact on levels of future traffic congestion, though they are of limited relevance for short-term change. Grid type plan (Interconnect system) including road network geometry, rather than tree-like system which reduce local traffic, but increase total distances driven and discourage walking by reducing connectivity. Zoning laws that encourage development under mixed type, which reduces distances between residential, commercial, and recreational destinations (and encourage cycling and walking) The development is residential and commercial areas designed to maximize access to public transport. THOUGHTS ON URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN 14. A well-developed transportation system plays a great role for any country of the world to develop and it remains so for our country also. The country has developed up to a certain extent throughout the time but the transportation has not, to cater for the increasing demand. On our journey for development this has to be the primary area to be considered. It is not only a responsibility of the government but also depends on the attitude of the people. The government also has the responsibility to put a genuine effort for this other than going only for political achievements and thereby should give priority for the development of this area. 15. When I made the interview RDA and UDA expertise they are said that we have done researches and given most economical and the feasible methods to develop this area but we dont know how it is going to be done due to non availability of funds and facilities 16. The above economic analysis is carried out considering only the volume of transport savings based on a travel time survey at each flyover location. A comprehensive study could have been carried out to test the situation more accurately if the respective data sources had been available. 17. However, this is a good strategy for eliminating the delay at railway crossings as a long term consideration. Also the concrete flyovers across railways are more economical than the steel bridges constructed in a very short period. CHAPTER FIVE ANALYSIS 1. My Analysis was done in the area of Nugegoda, one of the closest towns to the Colombo city. Questionnaire was prepared and distributed among all age groups. The sample size is 40 personnel and all responded with their identity. Figure 01 2. My 2nd observation was made to find out how many people (from 40 personnel sample) are using flyovers and how often they use it. According to Figure 02 it has been observed that more than 65% persons are using flyovers daily and they feel the difference between the previous and the current situation of the time saving. Figure 02 3. My 3rd observation was made to find out who are the majority using this flyovers. It has been observed that there is more than 60% personnel are the users of public transports. Following details in Figure 03 were taken according to the observations made. Figure 03 4. My next observation shows in figure 04 and Figure 5, Average serving time per a journey Vs person. According to chart it says that the actual time period is very less comparing before situation. According to research 90% time saved. As a result air pollution, Diesel/petrol consumption, Police man power, Vehicle wastage etc minimize proportionally. Figure 04 Figure 5 Finally, during the research, my hypothesis was proved, because the majority stated that construction of flyovers where the traffic jammed areas are the best remedy for the issue. CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO OVERCOME THE CRISIS 1. In order to minimize the city traffic congestion, the authorities have only handful of options. The highly effective solutions practice in other countries as follows.. a. Controlling traffic using methodical light system, b. Directing traffic through one direction of the full carriageway. c. Controlling traffic with the aid of authorized personnel (police men) d. Construction of flyovers. In Sri Lanka the respective authorities has constructed six flyovers at highly congested areas in Colombo suburbs. These locations were selected according the statistical surveys carried out by the experts in this field. However, it is inevitable that this effort has not succeeded in few locations as anticipated. Hence, during this research, I developed an argument to justify that the construction of flyovers are the best remedy for this issue by obtaining the opinion from the general public as my target group. This is the target group for early surveys carried out by the RDA in conjunction with University of Moratuwa to justify the construction of flyovers in Colombo suburbs as well. 2. A well developed transportation system plays a great role for any country of the world. The country has developed up to a certain extent throughout the time but the transportation has not sufficient to cater for the increasing demand of Road network. The construction of many flyovers in our most needed area, responsibility of the government but also depends on the attitude of the people especially all drivers and pedestrians. The also should give their fullest support to the current rules and regulations. 3. During the research, my hypothesis was proved, because the majority stated that construction of flyovers where the traffic jammed areas are the best remedy for the issue. 4. After carrying out a survey and analyzing the data, the following are the details of identified benefits and summarized as follows. Avoids traffic congestion through segregation and priority Speedy shortens journey times Smooth no violent movements vertically, laterally, or backwards/forwards Comfortable Compatible with pedestrians in giving pedestrianised areas Reduces the capacity for accidents 5. Moreover in this survey and analyzing the data, the few limitation and barriers identified as follows; Complicated, and costly, due to the need for large physical structures and for maintenance Their height can be obtrusive. c. Require a significant engineering and time-consuming to construct. 6. It has come into the notice of the urban planers that in order to improve the transport system a multi modal approach should be made. All in all, the main focus is on the development of more roads and more effective mass transportation. Priority should be given to the commuter and his requirement for a safe problem free movement space. 7. Finally, according to collected primary/secondary data. Following actions can be taken to minimizing traffic jammed. Without any delay some facts are presently available and not to standard. Banning of All On-Street Parking for Vehicles in City Limits Traffic Signal Lights Introduction of Substitute Roads to Main Roads Widening of roads Restriction of Slow Moving Traffic and Heavy Vehicles During Rush Hours Separating Pedestrians from Active Traffic Flow Proper maintenance of roads- specially culvert and rainy period road situation required quickly repairing system Creating driving discipline presently available new driving licence card entering system Implementation of New Highways Connecting Main Cities of The Country Electronic Traffic Monitoring Systems for Main Cities specially actual road jammed persons rules violated persons capturing part Discouraging Individual Vehicles Entering Cities (Peak hours container, tractor etc) Bus Stands (Required up lift and move to main road) Construction Work (Required combined worked force (RDA/UDA/CEB/NWSDB) 8. During the last decades the country has developed immensely; therefore the alternative methods to control traffic congestion are highly essential because of the increasing of the vehicles. The government also has the responsibility to put a genuine effort for this other than going onl