Assessing The American Fast Food Industry Business Essay

Surveying The American Fast Food Industry Business Essay The world has become a quick paced condition where individuals work on close timetables. This has diminished opportunity to get ready home prepared suppers and has made snappy inexpensive food dinners extremely mainstream particularly for grown-ups who transport to and from work and the children who consider it to be a treat. This pattern has made it workable for the inexpensive food industry to flourish. This serious industry has a huge market made of all periods of the populace. The eateries presently produce solid imaginative and nutritious food which conquers the feelings of trepidation clients have about unfortunate eating regimens. The business has been exceptionally fruitful in the United States and has bit by bit expanded its venture to take advantage of the developing scene showcase. This has caused the cheap food industry to form quickly into a global industry. 1.2 INDUSTRY OVERVIEW A drive-through joint is equal with brisk and newly arranged food which is advantageous to the purchasers. The most widely recognized dinners served are: cheeseburgers, franks, sandwiches, chicken and pizza. The side dishes normally include: servings of mixed greens, fries, heated beans, prepared potatoes, onion rings and a wide assortment of treats. Refreshments like soda pops, filtered water, hot cocoa, espresso, tea, milkshakes and juice are additionally offered nearby with the dinners (Hovers, 2010). Cheap food establishment chains, for example, Subway, Burger King, McDonaldHYPERLINK http://www.buzzle.com/articles/mcdonalds/HYPERLINK http://www.buzzle.com/articles/mcdonalds/s, Prã ªt-a-Manger and Pizza Hut take into account requests for fish, lean meat, uncommon eating regimen supper segments, and other impressive territorial varieties (Buzzle, 2010). 1.3 ORIGIN OF FIRMS IN THE FAST FOOD INDUSTRY The starting points of drive-through joints in the USA which is otherwise called cheap food capital of the world can most likely be followed to a particular date 7 July 1912 when a drive-through eatery was opened in New York City by Horn Hardart. The foundation offered its glad clients a choice of pre-arranged quick nourishments which were shown behind little glass windows and coin-worked spaces (Yusef, 2002). The advancement of inexpensive food which is a major business as at today can be followed back to America which had extraordinary effect universally (Yusef, 2002). In spite of the fact that there was without a doubt inexpensive food everywhere throughout the world in some shape or structure hundreds of years prior, it truly began to turn into a business undertaking when social, producing and monetary conditions made it less expensive to eat out (Rowlinson, 2002). 1.4 INTERNATIONALIZATION OF THE FAST FOOD INDUSTRY The internationalization of the food administration industry was spearheaded by, is as yet being ruled by, U.S. based snappy help cafés (QSR), for example McDonalds, Burger King, KFC, and Pizza Hut. The choice by these organizations to go universal was related with the extraordinary possibility of remote food administration markets and to support Americans voyaging abroad. It is intriguing to take note of that American inexpensive food is grasped by youngsters in numerous remote nations as design food, a component of the famous Western culture. This has added to the accomplishment of fast help café tasks in numerous remote nations. (Yu, 1999). As indicated by the National Restaurant Association in the United States, there are roughly 160 U.S. claimed food administration organizations working globally, this is represented in figure 1 Eateries chain Complete us units Complete outside units Mc Donalds 21,022 8,923 KFC 9,863 4,784 BURGER KING 8,874 1,817 SUB WAY 12,516 1,668 WENDY 4,933 564 Table 1: Total US units incorporate both organization possessed and establishment claimed units. Source: Personal correspondence, National Restaurant Association. (Washington, DC, 1997) The organizations in the inexpensive food industry (QSR) will in general internationalize quick by receiving diversifying as a method of section (Yu 1999). Yu additionally recognized that the cheap food industry will in general follow dwelling industry in internationalizing its activity. This is a direct result of development in populace and financial turn of events. The creator distinguished six world areas these organizations have internationalized as Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Middle East. The internationalization history could be followed to the 1990s and has internationalized extraordinarily spreading to various pieces of this world .This could seen to agree with Uppsalas Model of internationalization where firms will in general slowly draw to nearer nations to diminish vulnerability for example mystic separation. Additionally, the model tends to the issue of target information which has added to their explanations behind internationalizing because of simple exchange of information. (Johanson and Wiedersheim, 1975). 2.1 POPULAR TARGET MARKET The business produced its most grounded development outside the US, to such an extent that their objective markets were in Europe, Asia/Pacific, Middle East-Africa (Apmea) tasks. Europe locale has been the most mainstream target showcase for firms in the business due to its political and social solidness (Yu, 1999) while different areas depended on factors like populace. 2.2 GEOGRAPHICAL CLUSTER The principle target showcase for the USA quick nourishments are Europe, Asia pacific, Middle East and Africa. In these nations they have some type of centralization of drive-through joints in zones near schools to portray school neighborhood food conditions, shopping centers and the air terminals. The geo-coded databases research shows that cafés are deliberately situated at schools, shopping centers and air terminals which have been utilized to look at locational examples of drive-through eateries in kindergartens, essential and optional schools in Chicago. The utilization of bivariate K work factual strategy by most scientists to measure the level of grouping (spatial reliance) of drive-through joints around school, shopping center and air terminal areas. Drive-through eateries are thought inside a short strolling good ways from schools, and furthermore near shopping center, air terminal which may uncover kids in school to low quality food conditions in their school neighborhoods. This may help other people, for example, the explorers and shopaholics (Austin et al, 2005). As per Austin from the Harvard School of Public Healths Prevention Research Center incorporated a far reaching rundown of 613 drive-through eateries in the city of Europe, just as a rundown of 1,292 open and private kindergartens, primary schools, center schools and secondary schools. Whereby every eatery and school was doled out longitude and scope facilitates and enumeration tract recognizable proof codes. Utilizing measurable techniques, the scientists evaluated the separations among schools and cafés and determined the level of bunching. 3.0 FOREIGN MARKET ENTRY MODE Firms Number of remote outlets Mc Donalds 8,923 KFC 4,984 Burger King 1,817 Sub way 1,668 Wendy 564 Taco Bell 348 Pizza Hut 482 Little Caesars 379 Table 2: Firms area in different mainlands Source: Personal correspondence, National Restaurant Association. (Washington, DC, 1997) and yearly Report The table recognized a few nations the quantity of remote outlet where the above US inexpensive food firms work. The significant market passage modes utilized by these organizations in this industry is diversifying. Diversifying could be viewed as one of the passage modes utilized by associations, which includes a legally binding understanding between an organization and an individual or another organization where the franchisor gives the option to work together under a typical exchange name a recommended way, over a predetermined timeframe and spot in return for eminences or the installment of different expenses. The organization offering the privilege is known as the franchisor, the organization/person who purchases and keeps up the privilege is the franchisee, and the privilege been purchased is alluded to as the establishment (Mendelsohn, 2004). 3.1 THE APPROPRIATENESS OF THE STRATEGY As per Alan et al (1999), the advantages that collect to firm that takes part in diversifying as a method of section into outside business sectors incorporates: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Reduced expense and monetary hazard related in entering a remote market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ Serves as a decent motivator to construct beneficial activity quicker. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¢ It offers vital coalition which helps the franchisee to profit by economies of scale and permits the franchisor the administrative adaptability of a littler firm. Erramilli et al (1990), in his investigation distinguished that the administration business utilizes Franchising as a method of section. This is especially so on the grounds that Fast food firms offer delicate assistance and his thoughts regarding delicate help firms depend on the way that such firms can't send out their item since trading essentially require a detachment of maker and purchaser and subsequently they need to depend on authoritative strategy for example diversifying/authorizing so as to extend their market. Arnold (2003) distinguished that diversifying is the most proper for duplication of a plan of action or configuration, for example, a cheap food retail arrangement and menu. He further distinguished that inexpensive food isn't culture bound in which showcasing information (i.e., the item or administration explicit information associated with promoting this specific contribution) is in any event as significant as neighborhood advertise information (i.e., the information required to work effectively in a specific region). It is additionally essential to take note of that in such organizations, the nearby help faculty are an indispensable separating factor, and these will clearly still be neighborhood in direction regardless of whether they work inside a globally predictable business format.(Arnold 2003: 2) Another thought proposed by specialists depends on Governments in many creating nations are getting mindful of the monetary advantages that diversifying can bring, and are encouraging the section of outside franchisors in their business sectors (Pelton et al, 1997). Tayeb (2000), recommended that Franchising appears to be suitable for firms who need to hold control which will be partner

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The Connection Between Melatonin and Meditation

The Connection Between Melatonin and Meditation Meditation Print The Connection Between Melatonin and Meditation By Cathy Wong Updated on February 03, 2020 JGI / Jamie Grill Blend Images / Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Meditation Happiness Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All People who meditate regularly sometimes feel that the practice has positive health effects such as improved energy and calmness of mind. But there is also preliminary research that suggests that meditation may boost levels of melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate sleep and appears to influence other hormones in the body. What Melatonin Is Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland in the brain. The philosopher Rene Descartes called this tiny gland the seat of the soul. In the Hindu spiritual tradition, meditation techniques are used to direct energy flow through seven energy centers in the body, or chakras, and selectively activate or suppress their associated glands. The pineal gland corresponds to a chakra located at the top of the head and is believed to influence happiness. Research The connection between melatonin and meditation was first explored in 1995 by researchers at the University of Massachusetts Medical Centers Stress Reduction and Relaxation Program. Since melatonin is produced mainly at night, overnight urine samples were collected and tested for 6- sulphatoxymelatonin, a melatonin breakdown product thought to be an accurate reflection of blood melatonin levels. Researchers found that women who meditated had significantly higher levels compared with women who did not. Another study found that meditation before bedtime increased melatonin levels for that night. No increases in blood melatonin levels were noted on nights where participants didnt meditate. This suggests that regular practice of meditation is necessary. Here are two meditation techniques that are based on those used in the research studies. For maximal benefit, try to meditate for twenty minutes to half an hour before you go to sleep using the technique that feels more comfortable for you. Meditation Methods Find a quiet and comfortable place. Sit in a chair or on the floor with your head, neck, and back straight but not stiff. Try to put aside all thoughts of the past and the future and stay in the present.Become aware of your breathing, focusing on the sensation of air moving in and out of your body as you breathe. Feel your belly rise and fall. Notice the air entering your nostrils and leaving your mouth. Pay attention to the way each breath changes and is different.Watch every thought come and go, whether it be a worry, fear, anxiety or hope. When thoughts come up in your mind, dont ignore or suppress them but simply note them, remain calm and use your breathing as an anchor.If you find yourself getting carried away in your thoughts, observe where your mind went off to, without judging, and simply return to your breathing. Remember not to be hard on yourself if this happens.As the time comes to a close, sit for a minute or two, becoming aware of where you are. Get up gradually. Relaxation Response Find a quiet place and sit in a comfortable position. Try to relax your muscles.Choose a word or phrase that has special meaning to you and makes you feel peaceful. Or you can try the words Ham Sah, a Sanskrit mantra meaning I am that.As you breathe in, slowly produce the sound haaam as if you are sinking into a hot bath. As you exhale, slowly produce to sound saah, which should feel like a sigh.Breathe slowly and naturally. Inhale through your nose and pause for a few seconds. Exhale through your mouth, again pausing for a few seconds.Dont worry about how well you are doing and dont feel bad if thoughts or feelings intrude. Simply say to yourself Oh well and return to your repetition.As the time comes to a close, continue to be aware of your breathing but sit quietly. Becoming aware of where you are, slowly open your eyes and get up gradually.

Historical and Modern Terrorist Groups by Type

While there is no universally agreed-upon or legally binding definition of a terrorist act, the U.S. gives it a good try in Title 22 Chapter 38 U.S. Code  § 2656f, by defining  terrorism as an act of premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents.  Or, in brief, the use of violence or threat of violence in the pursuit of political, religious, ideological, or social objectives. What we do know is that terrorism is nothing new. Even a cursory glance over the centuries reveals a startling list of groups for whom some form of violence is justified to  achieve  social, political, and religious change. Terrorism in Early History Most of us think of terrorism as a modern phenomenon. After all, many of the terrorist groups listed below rely or have relied on the mass media to spread their message through non-stop coverage. However, there are some pre-modern groups who used terror to achieve their ends, and who are often considered precursors to modern terrorists. For instance, the Sicarii, organized in the first century in Judea to protest Roman rule or the Thugee cult of assassins in ancient India who wreaked havoc and destruction in the name of Kali. Socialist/Communist Many groups committed to socialist revolution or the establishment of socialist or communist states arose in the last half of the 20th century, and many are now defunct. The most prominent included: Baader-Meinhof Group  (Germany; renamed Red Army Faction but defunct as of 1998)  Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)Red Brigades (Italy)Revolutionary Struggle (Greece)Shining Path (Peru)Weather Underground Organization (United States) National Liberation National liberation is historically among the most potent reasons that extremist groups turn to violence to achieve their aims. There are many of these groups, but they have included: ETA (Basque)Fatah (PLO) (Palestinian)Irgun (Zionist)IRA (Irish)(Kurdish)Tamil Tigers (Sri Lankan Tamils) Religious-Political There has been a rise in religiosity globally since the 1970s and, with it, a rise in what many analysts call religious terrorism. It would be more accurate to call groups such as Al Qaeda religious-political, or religious-nationalist. We call them religious because they use a religious idiom and shape their mandate in divine terms. Their goals, however, are political: recognition, power, territory, concessions from states, and the like. Historically, such groups have included: Al Qaeda (transnational, Islamist)Aum Shinrikyo (renamed Aleph; Japanese, with various influences, including Hindu and Buddhist)Ku Klux Klan (U.S.,  Christian)Abu Sayyaf  (Philippines,  Islamist)Egyptian Islamic JihadHamas (Palestinian,  Islamist) (Hamas is designated by the U.S. and other governments as a terrorist group, but it is also the elected government of the Palestinian Authority)Hezbollah (Hezbollah is designated as a terrorist organization by the U.S. and other governments, but others argue it should be considered a movement, rather than a terrorist group) State Terrorism Most states and transnational organizations (like the United Nations) define terrorists as non-state actors. This is often a highly contentious issue, and there are long-standing debates in the international sphere over a few states in particular. For instance, Iran and other Islamic states have long accused Israel of supporting terrorist acts in the surrounding settlements, Gaza, and elsewhere. Israel, on the other hand, contends it is fighting for its right to exist free of terror.  There are some states or state actions in history over which theres no dispute, though, such as in Nazi Germany or Stalinist Russia.

Buddhism And Its Impact On The World - 1604 Words

Founded in the 6th Century BCE by Siddhartha Gautama, Buddhism has over time developed into one of the most prominent religions in the world with approximately 500 million adherents, making it the fourth largest religion on earth. The religions beginnings however, did not see much movement of Buddhism past Northern India until the reign of King Asoka, third monarch of the Mauryan Dynasty. Asoka catalysed the spread of Buddhism from India to Afghanistan and even Southeast Asia, West Persia and Sri Lanka. King Asoka, a prominent historical and religious figure throughout India and Asia is credited in his conquests which saw an almost entirely united Indian subcontinent under his reign from c. 268 BCE to c. 232 BCE. Born in 304 BCE, Asoka served the majority of his childhood and adolescent years training and serving in the royal military where he became known for adopting no fear and no compassion. Asoka’s rise to power began with his military missions, explicitly his control of revolts first in Ujjain where as a result of his success he was appointed governor, and then in Taxila, where his presence alone was allegedly enough to settle the revolt. It is believed that Asoka first came into contact with Buddhism in Ujjain in a Buddhist monastery where Asoka was sent after being injured in battle. It was here that Asoka met his first Queen, Devi, a Buddhist nurse and a daughter of a merchant in Ujjain. Devi would go on to become the mother of Ashoka s first two children,Show MoreRelatedBuddhism And Its Impact On The World Essay2122 Words   |  9 PagesBuddhism, currently the fourth largest religion in the world, started very small then spread to different places, different cultures, overtime, as illustrated in a documentary about the start of Buddhism. The high popularity for this religion is attributed in part upon belief and spirituality as opposed to worshiping a god (or gods). 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Last year I did my placement in Cork Simon Communities Outreach project Free Essays

Last year I did my placement in Cork Simon Communities Outreach project. I really enjoyed this placement and as I had a lot of knowledge on this project I decided to do my Community Development project on the Outreach project. I realised while working on the Outreach team how important the service was because when young people first become involved in street life they do so because they see no other option. We will write a custom essay sample on Last year I did my placement in Cork Simon Communities Outreach project or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many leave situations of acute family breakdown or violent situations. They may have been exposed to alcoholism, drug addiction, abuse and have lived under the strain of poverty and unemployment. Street life seems to me like an insecure, lonely, frightening and dangerous situation for any person to find himself or herself in. Unfortunately people living on the streets are quickly exposed to alcohol, drugs, crime and prostitution. Many people do not know how to get help and many have lost contact with services. For the most part people who are out of home are not easily identified. They â€Å"hang around† and dress similarly to other people. They have however, no consistent support or care and nowhere they call home. For the most part they are invisible. This is where the Outreach Street Service’s importance comes in; The Outreach team has a good understanding of the situation among people on the streets. Outreach contacts people out of home at risk. Outreach befriends people and builds trusting relationships with people. The Outreach team provide information about services provided and the location of these services. Oliver Hoegener created ‘The Yellow Leaflet’ which Simon published and the Outreach team always carry these leaflets to give to new people on the streets of Cork. Outreach also puts people in contact with services and all street work is documented. History The Simon Community was established in Ireland in 1969, there are now 4 Simon Communities in the Republic of Ireland; Dublin, Dundalk, Galway and of course Cork which was set up in 1971. The philosophy of the Simon Community is the framework, which guides the community’s policies, practice and day-to-day running of its projects. The guiding principles set the parameters within which the staff work and residents live while in the community. The community’s philosophy is based on Acceptance, Community, Long-Term Care and Campaigning. The philosophy also embraces and includes, A commitment to justice, sharing, creating space for people, being as democratic as possible, being part of the wider community, providing care, support and solidarity, valuing relationships, encouraging participation, inclusiveness. The community also has a strong voluntary ethos. The community’s policy is to: Empower people, to encourage independence, to encourage people to take responsibility, to be inclusive and to facilitate those who wish to tackle any difficulties they may face such as alcohol and drug addictions etc. Change is not a primary focus, though it is facilitated where possible. There is a strong emphasis on Confidentiality in Simon, all matters relating to residents remains confidential and all people involved in Cork Simon Community must bear in mind that all clients have a right to privacy. This enables trusting relationships to be built within and between various members of the community. All workers must respect clients as individuals with the ability to make decisions and changes in their lives, in light of their beliefs and values. The Outreach project is a new project of the Cork Simon Community. Since January 2002, the two Outreach workers (Carmel Moore Oliver Hoegener) have been doing intensive street work in Cork. The project is targeting ‘rough sleepers’ and offers easy access to support and advise on a wide range of issues. One of the main aims of the project is harm reduction and prevention as well as making and maintaining contact with service users on the street. The Outreach team liaise’s with other agencies such as Drug and Alcohol Services, the Homeless Adolescent Unit and the other Drug Task Force Projects. Outreach links in with a wide number of other groups in the city e.g. YMCA, Gardai, Southern Health Board, local community groups, youth workers etc. Outreach works in collaboration with the existing Youth Homeless Drug Prevention Project as well as with other Simon projects, such as (1) The shelter; where the Outreach worker and shelter staff can establish times that the outreach team can bring people into the building to gain access to the shelters services. (2) Day centre; again the outreach team works from the day centre in befriending people and building new relationships with ‘rough sleepers’. (3) The Soup run; The nightly soup run meets between 60-80 people each week some are sleeping rough while others are living in the private rented sector or in corporation flats. The Soup Run provides hot meals, blankets, advice and companionship for the homeless. In March 2002 the Outreach team set up a Lunch run, they were aware of the need for a weekend service because places like the Upper Rooms only provide a Monday to Friday service and a lot of Cork’s homeless people were dependant solely on the soup run at weekends as their only source of food, similar to the soup run, the lunch run gives out tea, soup, sandwiches and fruit in the evening around the streets of Cork city, I think this was an excellent service to set up because while on placement I did the lunch run and it proved to get very popular after a few weeks of being established, it is only the Outreach workers which do the lunch run. The two Outreach workers work more closely with the Youth Drugs worker and liase with the volunteer co-workers on the nightly soup run. Managed The Crisis Services Manager who is accountable to the director of cork Simon manages outreach. Financed A substantial amount of money required to run the Simon Community on a day-to-day basis is raised by the community itself through voluntary fund-raising such as flag days, church gate collections, Simon shops and sponsored events. The State also contributes to the Simon Communities running costs in the form of rent. While each Simon Community is autonomous and is responsible for financing and running its own projects, all Communities work closely together and collectively form a national federation with the national office in Dublin acting as a resource, servicing and co-ordinating agency. Working together as a national body has many practical advantages and gives expression to that founding principle which states that no one community alone can ever be Simon. Evaluation From working in the Simon Community I do believe that the organisation is a very successful one. From attending weekly meetings where issues like barrings, a residents physical/mental health, issues that occurred in all areas of Cork Simon etc, were being discussed, I realised how complex it was just to run the whole project and how some decisions that were made had such a huge impact on other people e.g. a rough sleeper being barred from the use of all Simons services, these decisions really annoyed the Outreach team because then as the Outreach worker it is your duty to go out on the streets, find this rough sleeper and try to get them into other services. Even though the whole organisation is so complex and controversial you just have to look back at Simon’s vision of society where: there is no homelessness, and compassion, respect and empathy are the core of the community’s relationships, and justice, equality and social inclusion are central to state policy. Also the mission of the Simon Community to develop preventative strategies that will divert people becoming homeless, to campaign for the right for appropriate accommodation and responsive services for the homeless, to provide quality care, accommodation and services which support and empower people who are homeless, marginalized, vulnerable or socially excluded. I believe that the policy of Simon and the Core Values are very realistic, Simon does not discriminate and in theory the organisation is getting stronger and providing an essential service for the homeless of Cork. How to cite Last year I did my placement in Cork Simon Communities Outreach project, Papers

Labour Management Relationship in Singapore

Question: Discuss about theLabour Management Relationship in Singapore. Answer: Introduction of LMR Labour Management Relations (LMR) is the most complicated set of relations that has to be dealt with a human resource manager. The study of labour management relations refer to the policies and rules that are established and implemented to develop a harmonious environment in the organization. The increasing competitiveness in the business environment mounts pressure on the businesses to accomplish strategic goals (Croucher Wood, 2015). The aim of this report is to assess the labour management relations in Singapore. The labour management relations are a dynamic and developing concept as the structure and environment of industries in Singapore changes. The main purpose of labour management relations is to maintain a healthy and harmonious relationship between labour and management. The emphasis of such relation is to enhance cooperation and resolve problems (Seow, 2016). The term industrial relations explain the relationship between management and employees that stems from union-management relationship. Healthy industrial relations lead to uninterrupted production as the resources are fully utilized. Good industrial relations lead to reduction in conflicts and disputes. There is reduced wastage and increase in recognition with maximum protection of national interest (Sheldon, Gan, Morgan, 2015). A few problems that are common in the organization are workers participation in the management, collective bargaining, grievances and its redress, ethical code and discipline and standing orders (Croucher Wood, 2015). The report determines the role played by the four players- government, unions, management and employees. Further, an analysis of the players and the manner in which Singapore experiences competitive advantage through LMR is conducted. Role of Four Players To maintain effective labour management relations in the Singapore industries, the four players- government, unions, management and employees play a significant role. The role of each player is studied in detail below- Government The Ministry of Manpower (MOM) mission is to develop a competitive workforce in the global environment while performing regulatory and promotional roles. They makes the laws and regulations such as establishing the working hours, labour protection, determining the working conditions, social insurance, minimum wage standard and welfare system (Prosser Perin, 2015). The government also engages to promote employment to the ones who are unemployed. The government abolishes the outdated policies and updates with new policies for mutual benefit. Also, the state plays the role where it protects labour rights. They take the responsibility to settle relations based on labour rights and human rights. They establish the Employment Act where the employers and employees can understand their rights (Sheldon, Gan, Morgan, 2015). Further, the government plays the role of a balance maker where it settles conflicts arising between employers and employees. When there are differences between employers and employees, there could be social instability and negative impact on economic development. Therefore, the government adopts a measure that can balance power between both the sides. Usually, the pressure is made on the union side as they are significantly powerful. In this manner, the government plays a role in protecting the interests of both the employers and employees (Croucher Wood, 2015). Union The trade union in Singapore has The National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) as their national confederation. The main objective of the NTUC helps Singapore in staying competitive and enhances the social status of the employees. The trade union is also responsible for the workers to remain employed for life. The trade unions grant employees with collective bargaining empowering with a greater voice. The union also successfully fights for better working conditions and terms for the employees. The unions represent employees interests by securing higher wages and balanced life (Prosser Perin, 2015). The unions give workers dignity at the workplace. Also, they facilitate welfare and healthy standard of living for the Singapore workers. The labour unions also keep a check on the unfair labour practices of employers. Under the Part III of the Criminal Law Act, there are temporary provisions for preventing lock-outs (Chong et al., 2012). The trade union also work to enhance the productivity of employers, employees and overall Singapore economy. If the employer conducts any of the prohibited acts as specified in the legislations, the union plays a role of representing with the board on behalf of the employees (Croucher Wood, 2015). They can also lodge appeals in the court if the management does not respect board decisions. The unions monitor if the laws and regulations are well implemented and followed by the management (Chew, 2014). Management A healthy industrial relation can be established by the management as they consider avoiding conflict. The Singapore National Employers Federation (SNEF) is a trade union that helps employers achieves excellence. The management must understand the interests and expectation of the employees. The management plays a significant role of motivating the employees to accept the challenge. The employees must strive for better output without engaging in conflicts. The management role is to avoid discrimination at work and treat every individual as one (Platt et al., 2016). As the management have the right to hire and fire workers, they control the economic destiny of the employees. The management plays a role in affecting interests by exercising their right to close, relocate or merge a factory and integrate technological changes (Chong et al., 2012). The employers negotiate individually and through their associations for settling the terms and conditions of employment. The management plays a role of being available and accessible to the employees so that the employees can walk up to the management in times of need. The hierarchy must not be complex to create confusion and dispute among employees (Owusu-Kodua, 2014). The higher level of management communicates with employee organizations while relying on human resources. The lower level of management communicates with employees on an individual basis. The management gets involved with employees to develop policies and compensation packages (Mitlacher et al., 2014). Employees The employees have certain obligations and rights towards the organization in maintaining industrial relations. The employees are expected to act ethically and responsibly. The employees must be punctual as it is difficult for the management to deal with unpunctual and unpredictable attendance as the burden falls on the other employees. Further, the employees are expected to conduct ethical behaviour while dealing with customers and suppliers (Leong, 2015). The employees must not cause conflict of interest or fraudulent activities. Further, the employees must be obedient and carry the work assigned to them that does not go against the law. The employees play the role of acting responsible and following legal safety regulations (Owusu-Kodua, 2014). Analysis of Competitive Advantage to Singapore through LMR Singapore has an edge over other competitive countries through its labour management relations. They are superior in certain aspects that help them achieve a favourable position in the global world. The ranking of Singapore international competitive index is 5.72 where it stays 2nd for sixth year (Brinded, 2016). The stock of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Singapore amounted to $1,255.5 billion as at end of 2015 (Singstat.gov.sg, 2017). However, the productivity growth in Singapore is termed sluggish. Nomura attributed the drop in productivity to a higher employment share of lower-productivity sectors, as well as increased hiring of part-time and older workers, who tend to be lower-skilled (Leong, 2015). Tripartism in Singapore Tripartism refers to the collaboration of three players- unions, the Government and the employers in Singapore. The strong tripartite relationship between the MOM, SNEF and NTUC has been a key of competitive advantage in Singapore (Mom.gov.sg, 2017). There are harmonious labour-management relations as the economic competitiveness is underpinned. The tripartite partners have implemented fair and progressive employment practices. They have increased the effective retirement age for the workers. There is scope for job re-creation along with implementing flexible wage system (Mom.gov.sg, 2017). The tripartism model in Singapore adds to competitive advantage. This can be justified as the nation has seen only two major strikes in the recent decades. In 1986, the shipyard workers went for a strike which as sanctioned by Ong Teng Cheong, NTUC secretary general (Chuan, 2014). Another strike was made by 150 Chinese national bus drivers in 2012 by Singapore Mass Rapid Transit (SMRT) (Siddique, 2012). National Wage Council (NWC) The NWC was established in 1972 to formulate wage guidelines for ensuring long-term social and economic development (Tripartism.sg, 2017). Singapore workers are not subject to a minimum wage. The wage depends on the negotiation between employer and individual or employer and trade union (Mom.gov.sg, 2017). The NWC focuses on workers with low wages who earn up to $1,100 monthly (Ho, 2016). The NWC recommended a hike of $50-$65 despite tough economic conditions (Ho, 2016). The increment leads to growth in Singapore economy. This wage hike leads to increase in growth and skill development of workers. According to a survey, the Singaporean workers are paid less than the workers in London and New York. However, the Singaporean workers are paid more for similar jobs than workers in Jakarta, Hong Kong and Shanghai. The rising wages has not dented the competitiveness of the nation yet (Seow, 2016). Flexible Wage System The flexible wage system grew in popularity in 2015 as 90% of the workers were in favour of it (Economist.com, 2015). The flexible wage system is one in which there is a variable component allowing the companies to adjust wage costs rapidly in situations of critical business downturns. The companies can reward the employees with high bonuses when the company experiences good times. Further, the wage system also helps adjust and manages wage cost in cases of business downturns. The flexible wage system adds to competitive advantage as the employees gain reassurance about the being able to retain jobs even in times of economic uncertainty. With the implementation of flexible wage system, the companies are able to attract and retain talent (Mom.gov.sg, 2017). As stated earlier, the unemployment level of Singapore is low as they enjoy a resident employment rate of 72.3% (Chan, 2014). However, the nation faces challenges as the income inequality is rising. The median wages are not performing very well. The wealth gap in Singapore is rising and has the widest gap of 0.478 among developed nations (Chan, 2014). The egalitarians are under trouble as there are thousands of low-paid foreigners. The Government is taking measures to improve the lives of Singaporean workers. The plans are outlined for improvement and taking the country forward with better jobs and lives. Singapore can maintain its position in the relentless competition only if they continuously upgrade their plans and policies. Singapore workforce remains ahead of others as the management provides with adequate training unlike the case of Port workers in Hong Kong who pay for their own training. The Singapore Government invests heavily in education that helps in growing economy, expanding exports and drawing foreign investments (Mfa.gov.sg, 2017). Conclusion Conclusively, Singapore has an edge over other competitive countries through its labour management relations. The increasing competitiveness in the business environment mounts pressure on the businesses to accomplish strategic goals. The government abolishes the outdated policies and updates with new policies for mutual benefit. When there are differences between employers and employees, there could be social instability and negative impact on economic development. The trade unions grant employees with collective bargaining empowering with a greater voice. If the employer conducts any of the prohibited acts as specified in the legislations, the union plays a role of representing with the board on behalf of the employees. The management plays a significant role of motivating the employees to accept the challenge. Further, the employees are expected to conduct ethical behaviour while dealing with customers and suppliers. The strong tripartite relationship between the MOM, SNEF and NTUC has been a key of competitive advantage in Singapore. The nation has seen only two major strikes in the recent decades. The wage depends on the negotiation between employer and individual or employer and trade union. The unemployment level of Singapore is low. The Government is taking measures to improve the lives of Singaporean workers. The tripartite partners have implemented fair and progressive employment practices. References Brinded, L. (2016).The 31 most competitive countries in the world.The Independent. Retrieved 27 February 2017, from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/the-31-most-competitive-countries-in-the-world-a7335231.html Chan, R. (2014).Income + wealth inequality = More trouble for society.The Straits Times. Retrieved 27 February 2017, from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/income-wealth-inequality-more-trouble-for-society Chew, S. (2014). IMPACT OF TRADE UNIONS ON ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE: THE CASE OF SINGAPORE.The Singapore Economic Review,59(04), 1450035. https://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590814500350 Chong, S., Vaingankar, J., Abdin, E., Subramaniam, M. (2012). Mental disorders: employment and work productivity in Singapore.Social Psychiatry And Psychiatric Epidemiology,48(1), 117-123. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0526-5 Chuan, T. (2014).Shipyard workers talked out of strike by advocacy group.The Straits Times. Retrieved 27 February 2017, from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/shipyard-workers-talked-out-of-strike-by-advocacy-group Croucher, R. Wood, G. (2015). Tripartism in Comparative and Historical Perspective.Business History,57(3), 347-357. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2014.983479 Economist.com,. (2015).The rich are always with us.Economist.com. Retrieved 27 February 2017, from https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21657611-we-dont-them-much-rich-are-always-us Ho, O. (2016).National Wages Council recommends $50-$65 pay hike for low-wage workers earning up to $1,100 a month.The Straits Times. Retrieved 27 February 2017, from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/manpower/national-wages-council-recommends-50-65-pay-hike-for-low-wage-workers-earning-up Leong, G. (2015).Singapore productivity growth sluggish: Nomura.The Straits Times. Retrieved 27 February 2017, from https://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/singapore-productivity-growth-sluggish-nomura Mfa.gov.sg,. (2017).Straits Times: PM's goal: Better workers, jobs and lives.Mfa.gov.sg. Retrieved 27 February 2017, from https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/singapore_headlines/2014/201405/headlines_20140502.html Mitlacher, L., Waring, P., Burgess, J., Connell, J. (2014). Agency work and agency workers-employee representation in Germany and Singapore. International Journal of Employment Studies, 22(2), 6. Mom.gov.sg,. (2017).Paying salary.Ministry of Manpower Singapore. Retrieved 27 February 2017, from https://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/salary/paying-salary Owusu-Kodua, D. (2014). The role of trade unions in creating sustainable inclusive growth: Ghana and Singapore. International Journal of Employment Studies, 22(1), 77. Platt, M., Baey, G., Yeoh, B., Khoo, C., Lam, T. (2016). Debt, precarity and gender: male and female temporary labour migrants in Singapore.Journal Of Ethnic And Migration Studies,43(1), 119-136. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2016.1218756 Prosser, T. Perin, E. (2015). European tripartism: chimera or reality? The new phase of the European social dialogue in the light of tripartite theory and practice.Business History,57(3), 376-397. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2014.983481 Seow, J. (2016).Wages in Singapore are competitive, survey shows.The Straits Times. Retrieved 27 February 2017, from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/manpower/wages-in-singapore-are-competitive-survey-shows Sheldon, P., Gan, B., Morgan, D. (2015). Making Singapore's tripartism work (faster): the formation of the Singapore National Employers' Federation in 1980.Business History,57(3), 438-460. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2014.983484 Siddique, H. (2012).Singapore's first strike in 25 years shines spotlight on racial tensions.the Guardian. Retrieved 27 February 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/28/chinese-bus-drivers-strike-singapore Singstat.gov.sg,. (2017).Statistics Singapore - FAQ on Foreign Direct Investment.Singstat.gov.sg. Retrieved 27 February 2017, from https://www.singstat.gov.sg/educational-corner/faq-on-foreign-direct-investment Tripartism.sg,. (2017).National Wages Council. Retrieved 27 February 2017, from https://www.tripartism.sg/page/National-Wages-Council/ Wembridge, M. (2015).Singapore ruling party takes flak over wealth gap.Ft.com. Retrieved 27 February 2017, from https://www.ft.com/content/9cfa3000-560f-11e5-a28b-50226830d644

 No Christian should ever have an abortion Essay Example

  No Christian should ever have an abortion Essay This statement is very controversial people can believe it completely or can have doubts. It all depends on which branch of Christianity you are a part of. The Roman Catholic Church is the firmest believer in this statement. They do not consider abortion any different from infanticide when a parent murders their child. They believe that abortion is a very serious crime, and that it should be punished by law. Because of this firm standing against abortion, it is not unusual for a catholic family to have lots of children. They believe that, no matter the circumstances, the pregnancy should be seen through. If you are a Roman Catholic, then you are supposed to believe that abortion should be punished by law. The United States Methodists are a little more lenient on the subject. They also consider abortion a very serious matter, but stop short on saying that it should be punished by law. They simply say that it is a very serious crime. They do not allow abortions, but they do not think it suitable to punish anybody who participates in any part of an abortion. By saying that abortion is a sin, they hope that the person concerned will feel guilty and will not go ahead with the abortion. We will write a custom essay sample on   No Christian should ever have an abortion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on   No Christian should ever have an abortion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on   No Christian should ever have an abortion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Church of England are undecided about this subject. No church could possibly say that abortion is a good thing. The Church of England says that abortion is a sin. However, they do acknowledge the fact that there may be times when an abortion may be the best option (in the event of rape). They agree that abortion is a sin, as it is killing a human being, but they also say that to withdraw compassion is also a sin, so both sides of the argument should be considered. The UK Methodists point of view is very similar to that of the Church of Englands. They realise that the feelings of the mother of the unborn child must be considered. They consider abortion an evil, but say that sometimes it is the lesser of two evils. They also make the valid point of saying that it is best for abortion to remain legal and controlled, rather than it being illegalised again and women resorting to back-street abortions, where the process is a danger to the health of the mother. My personal opinion is that abortion should remain legal. I agree with the statement from the UK Methodists, that it is better for it to remain legal and controlled, rather than being made illegal and therefore unsafe. I dont think that anybody could really agree with abortion. Whichever way you look at it, you are killing an unborn child. However, I think that there are some times when abortion may be necessary. For instance, if a woman is raped and it results in a pregnancy, there is no way that she would want to keep the baby. I think in cases such as these, abortion may be necessary. However, if a woman finds herself pregnant unexpectedly and she has not used contraceptives, then I think that she should be made to see out the pregnancy, as it is her fault that she has fallen pregnant. There are always two sides to every argument. There may be some Roman Catholics who, because of their religion, are made to firmly disagree with abortion, but personally, they do not think that it is as great a sin as the church says it is. They may find themselves in a dilemma, being pulled one way by the church, and another by their own opinions. I do not think that just because you belong to a certain branch of Christianity, that you should have the same beliefs about everything as your church. By all means, listen to what your church has to say on the issue, and listen to other peoples points of view. This will help you to form an opinion of your own, not that of your church or of other people.

The eNotes Blog Are Public Libraries StillRelevant

Are Public Libraries StillRelevant I confess. There is a public library within walking distance of my house. I have lived here two years and have never ventured inside. This is not to say I never visit libraries, but the ones I tend to haunt are university collections. If I want a novel or another non-fiction work outside of my areas of research, I tend to purchase  books on my Kindle,  go to  a used bookstore, or to  a  Barnes and Noble. Perhaps it is because of people like me that libraries around the world are being shuttered, or their budgets are being drastically cut.   This is a shame because there are still plenty of people  who benefit from the free books and services that  libraries offer. This week, a library in Buckinghamshire, England, faced the threat of closure. Desperate to save the towns library, the Friends of Stony Stratford Library organized a campaign via social media and email asking the librarys cardholders to check out the maximum amount of books allowed in order to prove to the town council that citizens want and value their library.   The response was both surprising and overwhelming: the library reported that books had been checked out at a rate of 378 per hour. As of January 17th, all 16,000 books had been lent. Free circulating libraries have been around almost since the inception of the United States (although claims to be the first are widely disputed).   Today, there are approximately 122,101 libraries in operation, but many are threatened. Libraries have tried to keep up with the demands of the public. Most offer computers with Internet accessibility, many lend DVDs, and music,  and some even lend works of art. Librarians have to be able to navigate the ever-changing technical landscape to assist patrons, and many people depend on both their knowledge and the free services they provide. What do you think? Should libraries continue to be publicly funded and completely free to patrons? Wed like to hear your opinions.

Impact of CAD development ( evolution ) on Architecture Term Paper

Impact of CAD development ( evolution ) on Architecture - Term Paper Example The evolution and development of CAD has significantly impacted on architectural design. Some of the potential impacts of CAD development (Evolution) on Architecture include reduced design mistakes, time saving and design efficiency, and clear communication of architectural details among others. This paper highlights the evolution as well as the transformational impact of computer aided design on the architectural design process. Impact of CAD development (Evolution) on Architecture Introduction Computer aided design (CAD) is the concept of using computerized systems to help in the technical creation, analysis, modification and optimization of technical designs. Prior to the evolution and development of CAD, architectural design was primarily a hands-on process that involved a variety of manual and physical media tasks. However, the introduction of computer aided design in the 1980s completely revolutionized architecture particularly in the filed of design. According to Tai (103), mo dern architectural designs employ a number of CAD software to enhance to improve the design quality, improve the productivity of designers and enhance communication through documentation. ... The CAD software system normally increases the architectural productivity and design. This system as well improves the communication system through the documentation and the creation of a database used for manufacturing. Most of the CAD software often works like a large database with numerous geometric information points, curves and lines that can easily translate into imagery visible through the graphical user interface (Robertson 144). Despite a few limitations, there a number of enormous and obvious potential impacts of CAD evolution on architecture. This paper seeks to critically investigate the development of computer aided design in the architectural field. The paper, in addition explores the development of digital technology and it impact to the architectural subject. Chronology of the Development of CAD The evolution and development of CAD had its beginnings in the early 1960s and 1970s after various automotive and aerospace companies began to independently develop the first CAD systems. The real breakthrough point was particularly witnessed in 1963 after SKETCHPAD computer aided design program was developed at MIT. One of the main beneficial features of the program was that it allowed architectural designers to effectively use a light pen to draw on the computer screen. Essentially this was the first known graphic user interface (GUI) which is currently one of the most important features of CAD. However, the initial CAD programs were expensive and as a result were only available to large corporations in the aerospace, automotive and electronic industries such as Renault, GM and Lockheed among others. Throughout the 1970s, CAD programs were only capable of helping in the creation of 2D drawings

Direct & e-Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Direct & e-Marketing - Essay Example Starting from the stage of development of a business plan to the actual operations of any venture, customers retain a pivotal importance in all activities. There are primarily three perspective of a business plan. One is from an entrepreneur's perspective, one is the venture capitalists or Financier's perspective and the third is customer's perspective. It means a business should only be viable if it provides a product or a service that can be of value to customer and can help in customer's utility maximization. When designing a product or deciding about what services the business will provide, customer segmentation is done to ensure that the right product is given to right customers at the right time. All these efforts are made to ensure that more and more customers will be attracted towards an organization's offering and a positive image can be built so that business can create good will in the market and enjoy increase in sales. However, no businessperson can turn his eyes from attracting new customers and increase its customer base but this is also true that old or existing customers also hold a special place when it comes to increase sales and revenue generation. Research shows that old and existing customers are much more effective to increase sale for an organization. A very serious misunderstanding businesspersons use to have these days is that they think if someone becomes their customer, he or she will stay with them, their organization and their product, forever, which happens not to be the case in most of the circumstances. Slowly and gradually, they lose their customer base day by day and keep on wondering why the customers are not coming back to them or why they are leaving. Many reasons have come up for this loss in customer base. Customer loses his or her loyalty when he feels that: Your offering is unfair or unjustified They have some problem or issue relevant to your product or service which remains unsolved or un attended They have a better offer from your competitor He simply feels that you have no care or attention towards your existing customers and he feels ignored. Customers repeat their purchases when they feel themselves loyal with your organization and associate themselves with your product. Still we see organizations spending most of their money in attracting new customers and clients instead of maintaining good relationship with their existing clients to pursue them for repeat purchase. "Before you spend your time and money going after new customers and clients you do not currently have a relationship with consider the following statistics: Repeat customers spend 33% more than new customers. Referrals among repeat customers are 107% greater than non-customers. It costs six times more to sell something to a prospect than to sell that same thing to a customer (Laura Lake, 2007)". Building relationship with existing customer is easy to do. The only thing organizations should keep in mind is to treat customers as a partner in their business and realize the true worth of their customers. Businesses should focus on attracting new customers but at the same time put every effort to please their existing clients. It is necessary because existing clients are the source of a positive word of mouth. A positive word of mouth is the fastest and least costly source of marketing. People tend to believe someone, who has experience your product or s

Three categories to Aging

Three categories to Aging 1. Introduction What is old? What is ageing? There are three categories for older adults ages, â€Å"young old†, â€Å"old old† and â€Å"oldest old† (Papalia et al., 2009). Young old is suggested as the age from 65 to 74; old old is suggested as the age from 75 to 84 whereas oldest old is suggested as the age of 85 and the above. Ageing is a natural process in which it can be described in two dimensions. Primary aging is the gradual, inevitable process of ageing. It is unavoidable. It occurs throughout years even with efforts/ technology which are used to help to slow the ageing process down. The secondary aging is avoidable, as it results from disease, abuse. For instance, having a healthy lifestyle might help to reduce the risks of entering secondary ageing or delay the entering. In a rapid developing society like Hong Kong, people seem to avoid talking about aging and view ageing as a negative process rather than a natural process. Therefore, ageism becomes one of the social problems in Hong Kong. Traxler has given the definition that if a person or a group of people who are subordinated because of the age by any means (e.g. action, attitude or by an institution) it would be classified as ageism. Ageing situation in Hong Kong According to the U.S. Census Bureau, International Database, the Hong Kong population pyramids 2010 has predicted that the dominant age group would be the 45-49 year-old people in which it would be close to 400 000 among the whole population in Hong Kong. The population of other age groups, 40-44 and 50-54 would be similar and close to the 45-49 group. By 2050, the leading age group would be the 80+ where the female 80+ population would get close to 700 000 while other age groups would remain similar and stay under 300 000 (National Master, 2003). The longevity is one of the possible reasons of the change of the population pyramids with the enhancement on medical technologies, the better prevention or prediction of diseases, the higher standard of living and so on. Ageing is unavoidable and it is an inevitable process for life. Because of this reason, I believe it is important to understand ageing in terms of theories and from that to develop possible solutions to tackle the problem or to smoothen the adaptation of the demographic changes in Hong Kong. Objectives The objectives of this paper are: (1) To overview aging and ageism in terms of different theories, (2) To offer some possible solutions to promote positive images of ageing 2. Theoretical Perspectives Disengagement Theory This is a psychosocial concept to state that older adults will gradually disengage in a society (The Medical Dictionary, 2009). They are said to be inactive and being uninterested towards their possible participation in the society. This theory has bias towards ageism and has given people the negative point of view of aging. Work/ job related disengagement When older adults retire, the primarily disengagement is caused by their functions in society. Some of them stop working when they retire and are said to be â€Å"non-functional† towards the working field. Some would continue their work (part time or full time). However, some older adults that wish to continue their work always suffer in difficult job-seeking process. Employability for them seems to be low or lower in Hong Kong. It might be possible that some of them have accumulated much experience and in return the current wages would not be satisfied for them. It would end up that retirement would become a transition for them with a reduction in their incomes. In contrast, some less educated older adults might not be able to compete with younger jobseekers. Such two diverse reasons could use to explain why the employability for older adults is low. Family relationship related disengagement One of the reasons of the demographic changes would be the delay of marriage and it could possibly delay the life-transitions (Harper, 2004). For example, entering late adulthood later than the expected age, there are people confusing about the term â€Å"middle age† in which they believe that middle age could mean people that are 65+ in age (Papalia et al., 2009)) Because of that reason, there is potential that older adults experience disengagement with their children who leave home. Alternatively, disengagement theory assumes that older adults have a tendency to get involve with people with similar ages forming a so called â€Å"homogenous group† (The Medical Dictionary, 2009). In my own point of view, I would believe that older adults are disengaging and from that new engagement is needed. While engaging with â€Å"new people† in which they are of similar ages with the older adults, they create or regain something that is meaningful or of value to them. There seems to be a contradiction between the assumption of the theory and its pessimistic explanation of ageing. In addition, there is also criticism for disengagement theory as it provides a negative point of view of ageing; it tends to reinforce the stereotypes of older adults. For instances, older adults are useless, inactive, withdrawn, etc (Palmore, 1999). Clinical Frameworks These are represented by medical, biological and naturalist theories. The main emphasize would be that the physical changes on the older adults. The physical changes are referred in term of biological perspectives. The nature of the framework seems not to be focused on the sociological perspective. However, the frameworks highlight a present change or sometimes viewed as an issue by people the higher life expectancies. Dozois has stated that the advancement of medicine have led to greater longevity. When people have noticed the change in proportion of older adults over the population in the last century, ageism is worsen (2006). People raise concerns and accentuate that older adults are non-productive. Non-productive in this case claims that older adults consume lots of resources but in return they do not contribute toward what they have consumed. The large number of non-productive people might affect the society (mainly the economic side) in which the vast majority people would con sider as a concern (Dozois, 2006) Relating such frameworks to Hong Kong, some people believe that the government would need to pay more attention to the aging society. As a result, the welfare system in Hong Kong might experience a high demand situation in the coming next 10 years onward while the Hong Kong population is changing. Simultaneously, when Hong Kong is facing so many different economic crises, the rapidly evolving economic relationships with China and other countries, ageing would serve as a factor that affects the Hong Kong economy. In the future, the government might need to increase tax rate when dealing with the large population of older adults who are eligible to applying the old age allowance (OAA) in Hong Kong as one of the social welfare services. Consequently, the society might put forward a more negative image for the older adults in Hong Kong. It is like a circular causality to boost ageism. Activity Theory In my opinion, activity theory is the opposite of the disengagement theory as it describe ageing in a much more positive viewpoint. It basically says that how a person is being constructed in two major focused sources, (1) What they do and (2) The roles they have in their lives (Roy and Russel, 2005). Similar to disengagement theory, activity theory claimed that people â€Å"give up† or â€Å"force to give up† roles as they age. When they retire from work, when they lose their partners, drop out of professional, clubs, unions and so on. Those are the parts that holding a person together as w whole. The sudden changes cause by the retirement might become the cue of why older adults would reduce their sense of identity. According to the humanistic theory, there are two selves, the actual self and the ideal self (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2009). The actual self is referred as how people understand one person in which the person recognize himself or herself from his/her surrounding and some personal perspectives. The ideal self is what the person wants himself or herself to be. The reduced sense of identity might be caused by the changing or losing of roles enlarge the discrepancy between the actual self and the ideal self. Roy and Russel suggest that activity theory should come to place that older adult should engage in activities (E.g. joining clubs or developing new hobbies). Older adults could develop new roles to substitute or replace those old and force-to-be-given-up roles. The theory has concluded the importance of late life activities in which to restore, maintain or enhance the well-being of the older adults (2005). Rather than pinpointing the negative impact of ageing like disengagement theory, the activity theory could be served as evidence on why there is a need to promote the community participation for older adults Exchange Theory The exchange theory simply states that people should end the relationship with another person if nothing can be gained or exchanged from that person. This theory has shown its capitalistic point of view. The assumption of the theory is that people operate in order to gain material or non-material rewards and also people would try to keep the gained benefits (Moberg, 2001). There are many exchanges in which that could affect ones 3Ps (3Ps are referred as power, prestige and possessions). The 3Ps are the three element derived from the social stratification. Social goods might not be concrete like material possessions, but also including other abstract items like psychological satisfaction and experiential pleasure (Moberg, 2001). Older adults that could afford their own living could have relatives that would want to rely on them and putting the relatives or family in a dependent situation. Accordingly, those older adults seem to keep their personal power in which they could influence on others as well as controlling their own activities with their affordability such as financial wealth. They provide e.g. financial support to the relatives in return to keep their power. Older adults that could not provide valuable things to their family or relatives might gain only little power within or outside the family. As they lose the power because of being a lower class, when they retire, they would find fulfilling the 3Ps as a hard process for them in which they are said to be oppressed because of social stratification. They would have nothing to exchange. Some hidden older adults in Hong Kong could well be a case of losing the 3Ps. 3. Possible Solutions to tackle the current situation Extend the retirement ages Providing chances according to the demographic changes There is no statutory retirement age in Hong Kong but people that turning to their middle age would find it hard to seek for a job, so do the older adults. To provide more changes and focus on promoting job opportunities for older adults could reduce chances for older adults to suffer in poverty and financial difficulties. Moreover, it can also extend the older adults engagement with the society and rejecting the clinical framework that older adults could not contribute to the society. Hopefully, it could help to change the biased perception of ageing and it might help Hong Kong to adapt the demographic changes. Information technology (IT) for older adults Getting older adults to involve Possible work could be done in IT with older adults that could serve as a diversification as it is society oriented or situational. With the support from the activity theory, there is a need to get the older adults to be involved. However, with the changing society, it has become a heavily technology-based society. Isolating the older adults might not be the best solution and it has also deteriorated ageism in Hong Kong. As a result, IT should be considered and be served as a tool to help the older adults to regain their identity in the society. Lets start with introducing two existing technologies: a. Personal Emergency Link One of the popular technologies that are related to older adults in Hong Kong would be the â€Å"Personal Emergency Link (PE link)†. Such technology has been used since 1996. The service operates by connecting the PE link users through a so-called advanced communication system to a 24-hour PE link centre. By pressing the portable remote trigger, the PE link users would be connected and be able to talk to someone in the PE link call centre. In addition, the medical history of the user would be saved within the PE link organisation database and would send to the hospital when there is an emergency. However, such service can only be used at home and only benefit to those that can afford or can apply for funding. This service is not universal and might act as a burden for older adults in Hong Kong. If such service could not cover the vast majority of older adults in Hong Kong, how do we evaluate the effectiveness of such service? Furthermore, as the PE link could only use at home, it cannot help when the older adults go out. It also requires the pressing action in order to help notifying the people in the PE link call centre. b. Global Positioning System Global Positioning System (GPS) is well-known among the mobile users as GPS is integrated into the mobile phone for ease of search different locations. Recently, there is investigation of GPS in Hong Kong. Assisted Global Positioning System based (AGPS-based) Elderly tracking system is being implemented in Hong Kong in an experimental level (Wong et al., 2009). Such system utilizes the mature technology GPS in order to track and position a person in outdoor environment. In this experimental stage, the tested older individual needs to carry the device out with them in which some of the participants would find it â€Å"awkward†. Further development of such technology is needed with possible integration of AGPS-based elderly tracking system within the mobile phone. In addition, there is a need to improve its usability in indoor settings (Wong et al., 2009). Both systems have shown how technology could help to improve older adults lives and there are many different assistive technologies to help improving older adults lives. But how we could make older adults participate in the IT-based communication society that is one of the dimensions that social worker should need to consider. It seems that the two technologies have their advantages and disadvantages; however they alert the society, the government or the people that it is very important to have careful planning when dealing with older adults. Whats more, sometimes, it is essential to change older adults perception towards ageing as well as the general public. To compete with the fast growing technology, the perception shaping towards â€Å"IT for older adults† would need to be studies to allow useful means of intervention. However, it takes time for the society to be â€Å"reshaped†. With the possible increasing uses of internet in the future, social security for older adults could become a concern. Older adults might become a target for crimes in which they might expose their personal information. A long-term approach of applying IT for older adults might be more suitable with proper education with any safety issues. There is always difficult to have a balance between the advantages and disadvantages of technology. â€Å"IT for older adults† might become a future trend in Hong Kong with the ageing society and the need of the evolving information society. However, the cooperation between the government, social workers, older adults and any other stakeholders would be challenging. It is important to understand and to update the knowledge while implementing programmes as well as developing some unique technologies for older adults in Hong Kong. Last but not least, to assess the possible issues or problems that could cause by the advancement of IT. Social workers should try to intervene in different levels and understand their responsibilities in helping older adults to establish social networks or their status in the information society. Referred to the social stratifications, the three elements are crucial and one of them would be the status. The status that would be established in the information society might have an important effect in confirming older adults social status in the society. Consequently, to redefine older adults as worthies as other people in different age group and to reduce the possible status declining situation. Micro level Counselling online, in which internet would become a platform for older adults to express their opinions and to find social worker to talk to. There is no doubt that some older adults tend not to seek for help from social workers as sometimes they believe that social workers are working for those that are in poverty or disables. Some older adults do not understand the nature of social work profession. By using IT, social workers might be able to develop a more diverse social function in the society. Mezzo level IT programmes for older adults could allow older adults to have access to computers and also to build up social networks through the use of computers as well as being involved in the classes satisfying the description of activity theory. In addition, older adults who join the IT programmes would exchange something of valuable to them, for example new relationship (friendships). Macro level Social worker might need to consider and assess the accessibility of IT to older adults. Because of that, social workers would need to understand and equip themselves with the up-to-dated technologies. In addition, there is a need for better communication between social workers and the Hong Kong government, because when the society is changing and developing into an â€Å"information society†, there is a need for the government to consider evolving the welfare. By developing welfare services with IT for the older adults, social workers might need to raise the importance of this new concept. Social Movement and Social Campaign Changing the stereotyped perceptions Following the previous part the macro level intervention for IT, social workers should act as a helping professional to help organising social movement to fight for the welfare for older adults. At the same time, they should highlight the importance of such movement or campaign to the government and the general public. It is not only the responsibility of the government to provide adequate resources to the older adults; it is also the responsibility for the society. The Hong Kong society seems to neglect the special needs of older adults with the limited facilities that the society has provided for older adults. I believe by changing the perceptions and consolidate the understanding of demographic change and ageing to the general public, the awareness could be raised. Social movement and social campaign could serve as a form of community education and a catalyst to influence policy development in Hong Kong. 4. Conclusion Theories help to explain ageism however they could also be served as an emphasis of ageism and providing the negative image of ageing. Social workers should always equip themselves with related theories to understand such inequality in a long term perspective. Furthermore, social workers should also have up-to-date information on such social phenomenon which allows them to integrate theories with current situations. Consequently, social workers would provide precise or related intervention. For this paper, one of the main conclusions is that social workers in Hong Kong should try to change the present negative perception of ageing for both the older adults and the general public as a primary step to solve ageism. Providing job opportunities for older adults, integrating older adults with IT as well as organising social movement and campaign could be some possible area in which social worker could work on cooperating with theories. 5. References Currey, R. (2008). Ageism in healthcare: Time for a change. Aging Well, 1(1), 16. Dozois, E. (2006). Ageism: A review of the literature . Alberta: Word on the Street Consulting Ltd.. Harper, S. (2004), Families in Ageing Societies A Multi-Disciplinary Approach. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 4th December 2009 from http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0199251169.001.0001 Moberg, D. (2001). Aging and spirituality: Spiritual dimensions of aging theory, research, practice, and policy. Binghamton, New York: Haworth Pastoral Press. National Master (2003). Hong Kong Population Pyramid 1990 2050. Retrieved 1st December, 2009 from http://www.nationmaster.com/country/hk-hong-kong/Age-_distribution Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Fredrickson, B.L., Loftus, G.R., Wagenaar, W.A., (2009) Atkinson and Hilgards Introduction to Psychology (15th ed.). Thomson: Wadsworth. Palmore, E. . (1999). Ageism: Negative Positive. Springer Publishing Company. Papalia, D.E., Olds, S.W., Feldman, R.D. Gross, D. (2009). Human Development (11th ed.). McGrawHill, Boston Roy, H., Russel, C. (2005). The encyclopedia of aging and the elderly. MedRounds Publications. The Medical Dictionary. (2009). Disengagement Theory. Retrieved October 22, 2009 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/disengagement+theory. Traxler, A. J. (1980). Lets get gerontologized: Developing a sensitivity to aging. The multi-purpose senior center concept: A training manual for practitioners working with the aging. Springfield, IL: Illinois Department of Aging. Wolf, L. (1998). Ageism: An introduction. Retrieved 30th October, 2009 from http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/ageism.html Wong, A. K. S., Woo, T. K., Lee, A. T., Xiao, X., Luk, V. W., (2009). An AGPS-Based Elderly Tracking System. Retrieved 1st December, 2009 from http://www.ece.ust.hk/~vincentl/paper/3-agps-elderly-icufn.pdf Youth Rights Network. (2007). Ageism. Retrieved 30th October, 2009 from http://www.youthrights.net/index.php?title=Ageism

Short Paper: Cultural Communication

Running Head: Short Paper Cultural Communication; Copyright (c) – Lopamudra Chakraborty – no portion of this article can be copied reproduced or distributed without prior authorization of the author. Author: Lopamudra(Lopa) Chakraborty M5A1: Short Paper Cultural Communication Business Communications 08/3/2012 Cultural Communication Introduction â€Å"The reasonable person adapts himself to the world, while the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. † – George Bernard Shaw Intercultural communication between people is an integral attribute of the human society development.The modern world is developing towards globalization. In this regard, the issues about the role and the place of international communication become an integral part of life both for the humankind in general, as well as for the individual (Shokina & Nishev, 2009). The art of business communication has evolved as globalization has set disparate businesses cultures of the world on a collision course. Emerging economies have begun to integrate the business cultures of traditional powerhouse nations into their businesses, and they have been leaving traces of their own culture wherever they go.The impact of cultural diversity on business communication has widespread implications–from corporate boardrooms to employee break-rooms–and small business owners can benefit from gaining an understanding of the eccentricities of all cultures to which they are exposed (Ingram, 2012). As mentioned by Hynes, it is extremely important to become familiar with intercultural business practices for three reasons. First, is the tremendous increases in international trade caused by vertical specialization or global supply chains.Second is the direct investment of foreign based companies. In the US, for example, the direct investment of foreign based companies grew from $9 billion in 1966 to more than $414 billion in 2008. A third reason to learn about intercultural business communication us the increasing likelihood that you will work with or for someone who is not a native born U. S. Citizen. According to the US Census Bereau, 13% of the workforce was a non- 2 Cultural Communication native US citizen in 2000 (Hynes, 2011). That number has increased dramatically in the last decade.These are some of the reasons that underline the importance of cross-cultural communications. With the advent of globalization, research on cross cultural organizational behavior has become a pathway to understand the dynamics of multicultural domestic and international workplaces. In fact successful organizations of the 21st century require leaders who understand culturally diverse work environment and can work effectively with different cultures that have varying work ethics, norms and business protocols (HR Magazine, SHRM, 2008).In addition, there are other world issues that enhances the importance of cross-cultural communication, for e. g. emergenc e of the digital age, ease and speed of international travel, formation and expansion of regional trade associations (like NAFTA, EU, GATT, ASEAN) and growth of international professional associations (Beaman, 2005). To become culturally competent, the first step is to have a solid understanding of one’s own values and how they shape the cultural identity. Within this process it is also important to realize that different culture exhibit different values.Cross cultural management researchers and theorist like Hofstede, Hall and Trompenaars have developed cultural value dimensions often within the realm of comparing national cultures (HR Magazine, SHRM, 2008). Countries like US who are heavily dependent on the global economy must understand their own culture and how it shapes their communication with other cultures. 3 Cultural Communication Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the US business communication protocol and how it affects the cross communication with other culture.In responding to this short paper on cultural communication, the attempt is to discuss and elaborate on the following factors: 1. What are some typical U. S. business communication protocols? 2. How would these protocols create challenges, for example, in communicating with someone from a collective culture? 3. What are recommendations you would offer for decreasing the potential of communication misunderstandings? Background In the past, it may have been commonplace for entrepreneurs and corporate managers to develop their own unique communication style for dealing with customers, business partners and suppliers.Today, however, managers must take the time to study the cultural eccentricities of their business counterparts before attempting to make contact with people in other countries or from other subcultures. The Texas oil tycoon, for example, has to understand that grabbing his Chinese partner's hand in a firm handshake is not a good idea but that a slight bow and smile are the appropriate form of greeting. Verbal communication and body language are more important than ever in international business dealings because innocent hand gestures, mannerisms or even posture can cause a rift between culturally diverse business partners.The diversity of culturally distinct managers has been melding slowly as globalization and Westernization give managers extensive experience in different cultures (Ingram, 2012). 4 Cultural Communication Globalization: ? The percent of the U. S. population that is foreign born has grown from 4. 8% in 1970 to 6. 2% in 1980 to 7. 9% in 1990 and over 9% in 2000 ( (Ferraro, 2002). ? The U. S. has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world. E. g. , More than 60% of the people in Miami speak Spanish as their first language (Ferraro, 2002). 60% of companies will increase their global presence in the coming three years (ADP Survey, 2002). ? A large number of corporations receive more than half of their sales f rom foreign markets. ? E. g. , Coca Cola sells more of its product in Japan than in the U. S. (Ferraro, 2002). Senior executives say that the ability to manage the business on a global basis is a top priority (ADP Survey, 2002). ? All of these changes are facilitating the cross border movement of people, goods, and data, bringing more and more cultures into contact with one another and increasing the potential for cross-cultural conflict. What is new about the global economy is the scale and the speed with which innovations, borrowings (maladies! ), etc. are spreading. Given this background, the purpose of this discussion is to highlight and explain some of the major cultural value dimensions in the United States and how it impacts when commutating with other cultures with differing business communication protocols. 5 Cultural Communication Findings Understanding what shapes US Business Communication protocol: There are several dimensions to the US business communication protocol.Th ese business communication protocols are shaped and formed by the Culture of the organization and of the society. â€Å"Domestic business organizations can be viewed as ‘mini-cultures’ (composed of different people with different roles, statuses, and value systems) that operate within the wider national context (Ferraro, 2002). † Culture is defined as a set of values and beliefs with learned behaviors shared within a particular society. Culture provides identity and belonging. Culture is everywhere starting from language to communication styles, history, religion, norms, values and symbolism (HR Magazine, SHRM, 2008).One of the most extensive studies of cultural differences was conducted by Geert Hofstede. Based on his findings, there are six major dimensions of national culture that are discussed below(Hynes, 2012). An understanding of these cultural dimensions is necessary to explain what shapes the US business communication protocols. Power Distance: Power dis tance indicates the extent to which a society accepts the fact the power in the institutions and organizations is distributed unequally (Hynes, 2011).Britain, Philippines and Mexico have high power distance where the managers and leaders are almost viewed like autocrats and there is a lot of disparity in power between higher and lower ranks. United States has a culture with low power distance. The manager is seen to have a little more power than the subordinate and is addressed by the first name, takes her place in the line and manages by communicating using an equalitarian communication strategy. 6 Cultural Communication Uncertainty Avoidance: Relates to the degree to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situation(Hynes , 2011).It tries to avoid uncertainties by having a strict formal rules and not allowing odd ideas or beliefs to prevail for example countries like Germany, England and Pakistan. United States have weak uncertainty avoidance and are open to ne w ideas and beliefs. Individualism/Collectivism: Individualism refers to a loose knit social framework in which people are expected to take care of themselves and their immediate family, example United States. Collectivism refers to a society with a tight social network where people are distinguished between in-groups and outgroups, example -.Japan, Masculinity/Feminity: expresses the extent to which dominant values in the society are masculine for example assertiveness, acquisition of money etc (Hynes, 2011). United States has a masculine type culture but Finland has a more feminine type culture. High Context/Low Context: First coined by Edward Hall, in a high context culture, communication is internalized and happens in the physical context or environment. Lot of importance is given to non-verbal communication. Japan and China are examples of High Context Culture.United States on the other hand has a low context culture where a lot of importance is given to the vebal cues and spok en words. Monochronic/Polychronic: In a monochromic culture such as United States Germany, times is valued as money and time is measured by the clock, multi tasking, be punctual and time management are valued in this culture. In a polychornic culture like India and Spain, time is linear and events are not measured by the clock. Punctuality is not of much importance in this culture. As you can imagine the frustration 7 Cultural Communication f a manager who does not understand this in United States dealing with someone in India when there is a project deadline to be met in a timely manner. Business Communication Protocol in the United States: ? Informal and Friendly communication: Since US has a low power distance type culture, communication in the workplace is typically informal and friendly. Employees refer to their managers by their first names. People tend to not wait to be introduced, will begin to speak with strangers as they stand in a queue, sit next to each other at an event , etc.Because if their informality and friendliness they appear to be pretty direct in their communication. When doing a business dealing or communicating with someone from high power distance type culture, the American has to be mindful of the fact that their informality is not perceived as rudeness. They have to be careful as not to cross the line. Following is an example of difference in communication between British and American. The British uses a more indirect approach to communication while the American uses a more direct approach (Beaman, 2005).American/British Differences (Source: the Navigator Jan/Feb 2003) ? ? ? ? ? ? American: â€Å"Jack will blow his top. † British: â€Å"Our chairman might tend to disagree. † American: â€Å"You’re talking bullshit. † British: â€Å"I’m not quite with you on that one. † American: â€Å"You gotta be kidding. † British: â€Å"Hm, that’s an interesting idea. † 8 Cultural Commu nication As is evident from the above example, both culture has a distinct approach so when an American is communicating with the British, they have to be careful as not coming across as rude. Meeting and Greeting – the American way: Americans usually prefers a strong handshake, a casual hello and use first name when introducing someone. Though handshake is a practice that is used across the world in a business setting, the pressure used may vary. The high pressure grip may be a positive thing for an American but may be too aggressive for an Asian. In a business meeting, an American is direct, assertive, giving and taking feedback is considered positive and they confront when necessary.However when dealing with a Japanese they have to realize that the later’s approach is indirect, they avoid confrontation and strive to develop harmonious and trusting business relationships. ? Dress: What is considered appropriate business attire varies by geographic region, day of the week and industry. In general, people in the East dress more formally, while people in the West are known for being a bit more casual. Executives usually dress formally regardless of which part of the country they are in. Casual Friday is common in many companies. High technology companies often wear casual clothes every day. Other non-verbal cues: With regards to space, Americans maintain a spatial distance of 4 feet with strangers. They should be aware that some Arab countries speak almost face-to-face which may feel like encroaching on a personnal space to an American. Americans belong to a low context type culture and more 9 Cultural Communication verbal and articulate than some of the other high-context cultures like Japan and China. This sometimes can be a challenge when communicating and understanding appropriate non-verbal communication. Americans do not like silence and try to fill it with small talk.Chinese or Japanese on the other hand appear shy as they don’t spea k out of turn. If an Asian is taking too long ot answer a question it is probably because they are thoughtful not because they do not know the answer. Americans do use certain gestures to supplement their verbal communication like OK, time out, wave etc. However they have to be aware that some gestures that have one meaning in America may have a complete different and sometimes negative connotation in another culture. A nod which may indicate no to an American may mean yes when done by an Indian.It is safe to stick with universal gestures and try to refrain from others if you are not sure what it means for the other culture. ? Language: A language’s vocabulary contains large numbers of words that reflect the technologies, occupations, and values important to the culture. Americans tend to use a lot of baseball colloquialism in their language. For example, â€Å"he threw me a curve ball,† â€Å"you are way off base,† â€Å"She fielded my question well,† â €Å"I want to touch all bases,† etc. Business need to be aware when certain languages are translated to another language, the entire meaning may change.For example, Chevrolet came out with a car â€Å"Nova† that they marketed in United States. The car sold well in the in so they decided to market it in Mexico. However the Ad campaign was a big failure there and they realized that the reason for that was Nova when translated to Spanish means â€Å"No go. (Beaman, 10 Cultural Communication 2005)† Understanding the appropriateness of translations when doing business with other cultures is very important. Recommendations To be a good intercultural communicator, one has to avoid some of the pitfalls mentioned above.Additionally, taking cognizance and imbibing the following practices will decrease communication misunderstanding. 1. Moving from Ethno-centrism to Ethno-relativism : This model was deisgned by Bennett. It simple means that one has to move away from denial , defensiveness and minimization (which are the three stages of ethnocentrism) to acceptance, adaptation and integration (ethno-relativism). 2. Non-Defensiveness – One has to be open to criticism and non-defensive about their culture to be a good intercultural communicator. 3.Curious and Brave: One has to be genuinely curious, brave and interested in knowing about other cultures. 4. Emphatic, Understanding and non-judgmental: It is possible ot be objective and open minded if you show these qualities. You cannot learn and be aware if you are not open minded or understanding. 5. Patience: Patience is one of the best virtues if you plan on being a good intercultural communicator. You cannot learn about another culture in one day and it is better to prepare yourself and be patient when you are trying to learn and communicate with another culture. . Genuinely personable: This cannot be faked. You really have to develop a liking for people of other culture (Hynes, 2011). 11 Cultura l Communication 7. Facilitation with language: If you plan on spending a lot of time communicating with other culture, it may be a good idea to try and learn the language. A good deal of communication is lost in translation. Sometimes taking the interest to learn the language shows to the person you are communicating with that you mean business and are genuinely interested in them.Conclusion The purpose of this paper was to discuss about why intercultural and cross cultural communication was important, the cultural dimensions that shapes the US business communication protocols, how it impacts us when communicating with other culture and recommendation of improving communication misunderstanding. The paper touched upon factors like globalization which was one of the main reason intercultural communications was important. When discussing culture, the paper discussed about Hofstede’s six dimensions.The various types of US business protocols including communication approach, meet ing and greeting, dress, other non verbal communication and language were discussed. Finally the paper made seven recommendations to follow to be a good intercultural communicator and minimize misunderstanding. In closing, when conducting business internationally, entrepreneurs learn that cultures have different expectations and protocols when it comes to meetings and interpersonal discussions. To be a successful in your business and be a good cultural communicator it is important to embrace these differences. 2 Cultural Communication References Bibliogrpahy: ADP Survey. (2002). ADP Survey. Beaman, K. C. -f. (2005). Cross Culture Communication in the workplace. Retrieved from The Jeitosa Group INC website: http://www. jeitosa. com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/12/Cross-cultural-communication-in-the-workplace_Apr2005. pdf Ferraro, G. P. (2002). The Cultural Dimension of International Business, 5th Edition. pearson. HR Magazine, SHRM. (2008, September). Selected Cross Cultural factors in Hum an Resources Management. Retrieved from Excelsior College virtual library, ebscohost. com: www. ehis. bscohost. com. vlib. excelsior. edu/eds/ Hynes, G. E. (2011). Business Communications, Strategies and Application. McGrawHill Irwin. Ingram, D. (2012). The impact of Cultural Diversity in Business Communication. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness. chron. com/impact-cultural-diversity-businesscommunication-3047. html: www. smallbusiness. chron. com Shokina, L. , & Nishev, A. (2009). Cross-Cultural Blog, Intercultural communication in the context of Globalization. Retrieved from http://www. stanford. edu/group/ccr/blog/2009/04/intercultural_communication_in. h tml: www. stanford. edu 13